Topic 1: Navigating and Understanding NCBI Database
In a few sentences, explain why bioinformatics is such an important discipline for understanding gene structure and function.
Bioinformatics is very update with the information about the gene structure and function. It can locate a gene within a sequence as well as predict the structure and or function of a particular gene. By applying bioinformatics to understand different biological processes, it allows a more global perspective in design, to test hypotheses about a gene or a protein and as well as allowing us the ability to take advantage of upcoming technology.
How many exons does the ERS1 estrogen receptor contain?
ERS1 contains 10 exons.
What does the ATG code for and what is the role of the ATG?
ATG codes for start and the role of ATG is to start the translation process of the gene.
The sequence of the stop codon is TGA. What is the role of the stop codon?
The role of the stop codon is to stop the translation process of the gene.
What does CDS stand for? What is the difference between the gene and the CDS?
CDS stands for coding DNA sequence. CDS refers to the portion of the DNA sequence that is translated i.e. coding sequence.
CDS are the portion of a gene’s DNA which is composed of exons, that codes for a protein. The gene is a locatable region of genomic sequence composed of nucleic acids, that code for mRNAs.
What is the function of the polyA-signal?
The function of the polyA_signal is to dissociate the ribosome that is translating the gene, adds a PolyA tail to cut transcription and add on a long chain of adenine nucleotides to increase the stability of a molecule.
Topic 2: Understanding Gene Function
Why are the UTRs important components of an mRNA sequence?
UTRs are an important component of an mRNA sequence because they are involved in regulation and stability of translation.
Why are ORFs important and what is the consequence of a STOP codon inserted into a protein coding sequence?
ORFs (open reading frame) are important because it is located before the transcription termination point which is beyond the translation stop codon. If a stop codon were to be inserted into a protein coding sequence then transcription would cease and an incomplete protein would be made which could either be harmful or harmless.
What is post-translational modification?
Post-translated modification is when proteins are being modified after they're made, being either activated or inactivated.
In bacteria, RNA polymerase attaches right to the DNA of the promoter. You can see how this process works, and how it can be regulated by transcription factors, in the lac operon and trp operon videos.
strands which make up the letters of a genetic code. In certain regions of a DNA strand
46- Kozak M. Rethinking some mechanisms invoked to explain translational regulation in eukaryotes. Gene. 2006; 382: 1-11.
Therefore, management happens at an exact particular location on the DNA template, called a promoter, here RNA polymerase suppress the DNA and starts transcription of the gene. Inside bacteria, varieties of connected genes are constantly conglomerated and transcribed into RNA from the individual promoter. The indicated conglomerates of genes reserved by an individual promoter are called operons. The three genes (ara B, araA, and araD) will code the three digestive enzymes included in the operation of arabinose being a conglomerate in what called the arabinose operon. The indicated three proteins are subordinate on the start of transcription against an individual promoter that is reserved by a DNA protein named araC. The DNA code of the pGLO comprehension is designed to involve visible feature of the arabinose operon.
added to the 3¹ end. As the two ends are placed the mRNA becomes pre-mRNA.
“A gene is a segment of DNA or a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that code for a functional product,” Tortora. Microbiology. p. 575. The syllable of the syllable. These genes not only affect our outlook, but also play a role.
The Rag-1 comes in different forms such as a dimer, tetramer, or octomer. The octomer is the most stable form in a not as strong ionic solution, but the most common form found in a biological environment is the dimer form. Each subunit of the Rag-1 protein contains many alpha helices also. The active site in Rag-1 is soluble, and it houses the most important and largest domains of the protein: the N-terminis domain, the C-terminis domain, and the core domain. A combination of these domains could perform all of the functions of the protein without the other residues. The N-terminis region and the core domain bind to RSS site at the nonomer region and the 12 or 23 spacer portion respectively. In binding to the RSS site, the core domain instigates a conformational change in the DNA which allows the complex to interact and cut the DNA appropriately. It is theorized that the Rag-1 gene along with its partner, Rag-2, were once a transposable element (Agrawal et al.). Scientists have found that the transposon containing these two genes was solidified into the genome once jaw containing vertebrates split from jawless vertebrates. From then on, the Rag genes have been in mammalian DNA, and have played a major part in their
A gene is a sequence of DNA that is used by cells to create protein. It has all of the information needed to make a protein. It knows when to make these protein and where to begin and end. The functions of a cell are then carried out by the proteins.
Translation is also a process that contains the RNA copy of DNA to make a protein. i.e the mRNA sequence is translated into a sequence of amino acids as a result protein is formed. During translation, RNA molecule is responsible
9. These genes produce enzymes used in oxidative phosphorylation and provide instructions for making transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA.
end of the tRNA and the tRNA binds to the mRNA. Cells posses over 20
Secondly the gene has to be cut from its DNA chain. Controlling this process are many restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes). Each of these enzymes cut DNA at a different base sequence called a recognition sequence. The recognition sequence is 6 base pairs long. The restriction enzymes PstI cuts DNA horizontally and vertically to produce sticky ends.
Cheminformatics term was coined for the first time by F.K. Brown and it's defined as "the field of chemistry that integrates chemical data with analytic and molecular design tools finding the 'best- fitting' compounds to address particular targets". It can be called also "chemoinformatics", "chemioinformatics" or "chemical informatics". In silico techniques are used in cheminformatics for a wide range of applications, such as in rotational drug design or in drug diversity, using the structure for predication of the activity and in virtual screening. This was first applied in the making of the period table
Simply put, DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive, and reproduce. The discovery and use of DNA has seen many changes and made great progress over many years. James Watson was a pioneer molecular biologist who is credited, along with Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins, with discovering the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. The three won the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1962 for their work (Bagley, 2013). Scientists use the term “double helix” to describe DNA’s winding, two-stranded chemical structure.
For example such as medicine, it can be sometime possible to reading DNA sequences and find out how some diseases occur. It can sometimes be possible to fight some infectious diseases or any form of disease by changing the DNA codons which cause most of these problems.