5. DISCUSSION Biocellulose has chemical and physical properties that are superior to the properties of plant derived cellulose. Compared to plant cellulose, the nanofibril network of biocellulose has interesting properties such as excellent water holding capacity, high degree of polymerization, high crystallinity, high purity, good biocompatibility, and excellent mechanical properties. Therefore, due to its many unique properties, it has been used in the food industry, medical field, commercial and industrial products includes biomedical materials, health foods, and other technical areas (Aydın and Aksoy, 2014; Kwak et al., 2015; Lin et al., 2016). On the other side, Gluconacetobacter xylinus is usually the most employed microorganism for …show more content…
The use of a cheaper substrate instead of the commonly used glucose or sucrose might result in a lower cost of the final product. In this context, two substrates have been tested such as green alga (U. lactuca) and sea grass (P. oceanic). Data confirmed that P. oceanic was the best substrate in medium HSPO supporting the production of 5.7 g/l biocellulose. Carbohydrates are the major component of seagrass and seaweeds (ca. 50-70% on a dry basis) (Uchida, 2011), containing mostly polysaccharides to construct algal tissue. For example, brown algae contain alginate and fucoidan as major components. Red algae contain galactan (e.g. agar, carrageenan) as a major component. Seagrasses and green algae contain hemicellulose and cellulose as major components. These major algal polysaccharides are known to be unfavorable substrates for fermentation. This may be one of the reasons why algal fermentation technology has yet to be developed. However, it was recently reported that seaweed could be used as a substrate for lactic acid and ethanol fermentation, provided that the algal tissue was saccharified with cellulase enzymes. This finding opened the possibility of obtaining foods and related items from algal fermentation (Uchida, 2002; Uchida and Murata, 2002; Uchida and Murata, 2004). Such as lactic acid fermentation (Uchida, 2005) and ethanol fermentation (Uchida, 2009; …show more content…
Batch culture is preferred having fewer parameters to be controlled and well understood. All experiments in this study were done in batch culture. In most studies the influence of factors has been carried out using the one factor at a time technique (Sun et al., 2005). Experimental designs proved to be more efficient for studying the relative importance of various nutrients. More recently, Hegde et al. (2013) used the response surface methodology to maximize biocellulose production in batch experiments using a synthetic broth. Statistical experimental design methods provide a systematic and efficient means of reaching particular goals and simultaneously studying several control factors. Hence, these methods can be used to examine and optimize the operational variables. The advantages of the factorial design are that much quantitative information can be extracted from only a few experimental trials as well as offer simultaneous study of many factors (Kim et al., 2005; Lee and Gilmore, 2005; Nawani and Kapadnis, 2005; Senthilkumar et al., 2005; Wang and Lu, 2005). More recently, Duta et al. (2006) reported that the results analyzed by a statistical planned experiment are better acknowledged than those carried out by the traditional one variable at a time method. Therefore, this method has been widely applied in
Have you ever thought about the preparation and thought that goes into a research experiment? There are many things to consider when planning a study, such as the questions you are trying to answer, the variety of participants that will be studied, and the different variations in the experiment. An important part of the experiment that can have a significant impact on the results are the variables chosen. In doing this, the researcher can easily tell what factors have an effect on the topic under study.
Fermentation broth was diluted by a 1:5 dilution to 40 grams. After dilution the sample was centrifuged at 4000 rpms for 5 min. The supernatant was filter sterilized using .22micron filters. After filtering, the sample was analyzed using HPLC with a BioRad Aminex HPX-87H Column. Using this method, it was able to be determined the amount of Maltose, Glucose, Fructose, and Maltotriose in each sample.
Going into details of the article, I realized that the necessary information needed to evaluate the experimental procedures were not included. However, when conducting an experiment, the independent and dependent variable are to be studied before giving a final conclusion.
In total, the data we gathered through the experimental process proved our hypothesis: added sugars enhanced the fermentation of
Cellulases are o- glycosyl hydrolases (GHs) that hydrolyse β-1,4 glucosidic bonds in cellulose. Cellulase system is grouped into “glycoside hydrolases (GH) family” classified by different means, according to their substrate specifities, reaction, mechanisms or structural similarities. The cellulase complex is found to contain three basic components which may be present either as single polypeptide or can be grouped together into multienzyme complex known as cellulosome. Cellulase system is composed of three main classes based on their activity toward a wide range of substrates. This is rather difficult, since the enzymes have overlapping specificities toward substrates which themselves are poorly defined. The three main classes are:
... objective in nature, thus producing accurate data. Nevertheless, Allington and McGill-Frazon established that “reduction of a complex phenomenon to a few quantifiable variables can lead to over simplification of the phenomenon” (p.445). In other words, for observations to be complete, a combination of qualitative and quantitative data is necessitated in order to explain the totality of the phenomenon. An advantage of pre-test and post-tests designs is that it can be conducted with a single group or a control group. In the projected research topic, a pre-test and post-test was used with a group to maximize the internal validity. Neverthess, in the projected research topic, the experimental design is used to illustrate a cause and effect between two variables. The disadvantage is that external elements pose a threat to accuracy (Leedy & Ormrod, 2010, p.230).
The purpose of this experiment was see how a variable affects the end result product. In this project, the
In our Biology Lab we did a laboratory experiment on fermentation, alcohol fermentation to be exact. Alcohol fermentation is a type of fermentation that produces the alcohol ethanol and CO2. In the experiment we estimated the rate of alcohol fermentation by measuring the rate of CO2 production. Both glycolysis and fermentation consist of a series of chemical reactions, each of which is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. Two of the tables substituted some of the solution glucose for two different types of solutions. They are as followed, Table #5 substituted glucose for sucrose and Table #6 substituted the glucose for pH4. The equation for alcohol fermentation consists of 6 Carbons 12 Hydrogens 6 Oxygen to produce 2 pyruvates plus 2 ATP then finally the final reaction will be 2 CO2 plus Ethanol. In the class our controlled numbers were at Table #1; their table had 15 mL Glucose, 10 mL RO water, and 10 mL of yeast which then they placed in an incubator at 37 degrees Celsius. We each then measured our own table’s fermentation flasks every 15 mins for an hour to compare to Table #1’s controlled numbers. At
Enzymes, such as cellulases, which catalyse the breakdown of cellulose, have been isolated from several different organisms, including fungi. However, the purification of enzyme from these sources is expensive, on the order of $5.50 per gallon of ethanol produced. Genetic engineering or biotechnology has already played a key enabling role in the development of cellulosic biomass conversion technologies by dramatically reducing the cost of cellulase production from about $5.50 per gallon of ethanol to $0.10-15 per gallon of
Energy, especially from fossil fuels, is a key ingredient for all sectors of a modern economy and plays a fundamental role in improving the quality of life in less developed economies. In 2007, India is ranked fifth in the world in terms of energy demand; accounting for 3.6% of total energy consumed, and is expected to grow at 4.8% in the future. India imports 70% of the oil it uses, and the country has been hit hard by the increasing price of oil, uncertainty and environmental hazards that are concerned with the consumption of fossil fuels. In such context, bio energy constitutes a suitable alternative source of energy for India, as large amounts of raw material are available to be harnessed.
There were five test solutions used in this experiment, water being the control, which were mixed with a yeast solution to cause fermentation. A 1ml pipetman was used to measure 1 ml of each of the test solutions and placed them in separated test tubes. The 1 ml pipetman was then used to take 1ml of the yeast solution, and placed 1ml of yeast into the five test tubes all containing 1 ml of the test solutions. A 1ml graduated pipette was placed separately in each of the test tubes and extracted 1ml of the solutions into it. Once the mixture was in the pipette, someone from the group placed a piece of parafilm securely on the open end of the pipette and upon completion removed the top part of the graduated pipette.
Culture plates of yeasts strains: S41, a pet 1 and M240, conical flasks containing Yeast Extract Potassium Acetate (YEPA), Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose (YEPD) and Yeast Extract Palm Olein (YEPPO) media, pH indicator, inoculation loop, microscope, methylene blue, Bunsen burner and incubator.
Experimental designs are viewed as the most accurate, and most demanding of research designs, requiring strict attention to rules and procedures. Researchers use these research designs to manipulate and control testing procedures as a way to understand a cause and effect relationship. Commonly, independent variables are manipulated to judge or decide their effect on a dependent variable (Trochim & Donnelly, 2008).
Keener, K., Hoban, T. and Balasubramanian, R. 2014. Biotechnology and its applications. [online] Available at: http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/foodsci/ext/pubs/bioapp.html [Accessed: 11 Apr 2014].