DATA STRUCTURES
(ASSIGNMENT)
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
1) Binary Search Tree (BST)
The Binary Search Tree (BST) is an ordered or sorted binary tree. It has various applications, as the word explains itself its biggest use i.e. search,BST is widely used in searching applications and softwares where the data is continuously leaving and entering such as maps, set operations, search engines, voting systems and many more.
The practical application which I am discussing today is the voting system. The BST has wide use in voting systems. It is used widely in voting applications and systems due to its sorted data structure.
The voting system is based on four steps, first step consists of initialization of technical part of the system of election and organizational structure, second step consist of vote casing in which votes are cast, In third step the validation of the voter is tested that is the voter’s information and his/her vote is valid or not. The fourth step is the tabulation process in which talliers count the valid votes and gives us the correct result.
The voting system discussed above is based on Index Binary Search Tree (IBST) which is an adaptive data structure and it consists of two parts, the indexing part and the binary search tree part.
Indexing Part:
It holds the information for each credentials in the voting scheme. Each node of a tree is a pointer which points to fixed size binary search tree. Since the size of the binary search tree is fixed and if the size of voters increases indexing part will add a pointer to a new binary search tree.
Binary Search Tree part:
It contains the randomly constructed binary search tree from the credentials of the voters with the same...
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...A digital signature is an electronic used widely in many organizations for employees, as this machine takes the signature of the person who signs on it and then verifies through its database that the signature done by the person is valid or not i.e. he/she is the employee of the company or not. When an employee sign on the digital pad his/her signature is recorded and a summary message is generated that whether this signature is correct or not. We use a private key that is previously obtained from public-private key authority which is use to encrypt the hash. This encrypted hash becomes digital signature and then it generates message on the screen of validation. Different algorithms are used for implementing hashing function in this digital signature machine such as Digital
Signature Algorithm (DSA), Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) and RSA etc.
In the wake of the 2016 general election, Michael Lind published a piece on The Smart Set entitled: Can Electoral Reform Save America? This piece centered around a single question on the ballot of a single state, question 5 in Maine, and the impact on electoral reform it could have for the country according to Lind. Using deconstruction, Lind analyzes the idea of a Ranked Choice polling system, rather than the first-past-the-post system that is currently in place in the United States. His allusions to the past as well as separate government entities globally, as well as a deconstruction of both polling systems and the impact they have (or could have) allows the reader to absorb information and produce their own personal opinion.
In a democratically elected government, like South Africa, the electoral system determines who will hold the political power within a country. Hence, the significance of a fair and representative election cannot be hyperbolized nor undercut. For Norris (1997), electoral systems are deemed as mechanisms which are determined via voter preferences, as seats being translated in the process of electing politicians into political power. Namely these systems vary in dimensions including constituency size, voter election structures, assembly size, and open/closed list systems. The majoritarian and proportional representation systems are the two most common electoral systems which decide how votes are translated into seats.
PKC is the enabling technology for all Internet security and the increasing use of digital signatures, which are replacing traditional signatures in many contexts. However, RSA is better than PKC because RSA doesn’t need digital signature. As a result, the RSA algorithm turned out to be a perfect fit for the implementation of a practical public security system. In 1977, Martin Gardner first introduced the RSA system. After 5 years, company RSA used secure electronic security products. Nowadays many credit companies of all over the world use the RSA system or a similar system based on the RSA system.
The Constitutional Convention of 1787 gave birth to the Electoral College system. The Electoral College system can be briefly described as a system where voters are able to vote for candidates(electors) on election day. Electors then cast their vote for a candidate in their respective party. Our Founding Fathers described the electoral college system in Article
The SMP method of voting is what is now used in all Canadian Legislative Assemblies and the House of Commons. During a provincial election, each province is separated into electoral districts. The area allocated to each district is determined, largely, by population densi...
Many people feel that this system is outdated, unfair and/or biased; that it should be replaced with the popular voting system. Unfortunately it is not as simple as...
I was assured of false speculations of tampering with the voting machines and gained knowledge of what exactly happens during voting. The machines are read before and after each voting period. Votes are cleaned out at the beginning of each day and at the end of the day, the number of voters on the machine should match the number of voters marked in the system. Also, the votes are put onto a state-issued laptop that is not connected to the internet so hackers cannot access it. I am someone who is not quick to jump to speculation and accuse people or the government.
Dinkin, M., and White, I.2008. Voting system in UK. Library of House of Commons: Parliament and Constitution Centre. http://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/files/108_icpr_final.pdf (accessed November 20, 2010)
The Electoral College is a confusing topic to most people, and its effect on how votes are represented in presidential elections. Essentially people vote and electors, people assigned to vote on the people 's behalf, and the candidate that wins the popular election in that state 's gets the the Electoral College votes for that state. The amount of votes is based on the population and the first candidate to win two hundred and seventy Electoral College votes wins. This system is debated on whether it benefits or hinders the election process, and how it does this is also debated by political experts.
The system awards a number of electoral votes to each state based on its population. Each party with a candidate selects a number of men and women to be an electorate. All of the electorates then proceed to state who they will vote for. Most states will have all of their votes go to one candidate or the other in order to strengthen the voting power of the state. A candidate must win a majority of the electoral votes in order to become President. According to the Constitution, "No Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an
The United States Electoral College is a process of electing the president and the vice president of the nation. The Electoral College consists of 538 electors: 435 members of house of representative, 100 senators, and 3 electors from District of Columbia. The Electoral College started when the founding fathers drafted the U.S. Constitution in which many laws and the presidential election laws stated. Most states use the “winner-take-all” system, that is, the winner of the state popular vote gets all of the state’s electoral votes. This system allows some candidates to win presidency even if they lose the national popular vote by a small margin. Another voting system is called the congressional district plan. This method divides the state depending on the number of its district then distribute its electoral votes to each district. The winner of each district will have that
the participation by as many citizens as possible, they also use the measurement of vote, lottery
votes wins - all other votes are taken into account. With OAS, once the votes are counted, the more votes are counted (depending whether applicants have more than 50% of the vote, of course). This means fewer people visiting is ignored, so why this system is very good.
I assume that you are familiar with the terminology of binary trees, e.g., parents, children, siblings, ancestors, descendants, grandparents, leaf nodes, internal nodes, external nodes, and so on, so I will not repeat their definitions here. Because the definitions of height and depth may vary from one book to another, I do include their definitions here, using the ones from the textbook.
As one of the feature of biometric, signature verification is used to find the authenticity of a person to give the access the most valued and important documents and shelf. Firstly the signature of a person are taken as a reference in database. To generate the database, number of attempts from the same person has been taken, as it would permit minute deviations in signatures that generates due to environmental conditions. Once it is done, then the signatures at other times are every time then verified with the existing database. Because of confidentially of the file/document/transaction giving access is the crucial process that should be monitored with perfection. The same happens with offline signature verification. Computerized process and verification algorithm (thus software) takes fully care of signature under test, generate results that are 100% authentic, and advocates credibility of the concerned person .However, there might raise issue of authenticity even if the same person performs the signature. Or, at times a forge person may duplicate the exact signature. Many research have been done to find the accuracy of result so as to prevent from forgery. Forgery is also divided into different categories depending upon their severity as