An acute or chronic illness for decades is being clinically treated through delivery of drugs in patients in the form of some pharmaceutical dosage forms like tablets, capsules, liquids, creams, pills, aerosols, injectable and suppositories. An ideal drug delivery system is such that it provides the required drug amount with in a short duration and also should maintain the steady level of drug concentration throughout the dosing period [1]. However any conventional dosage form behaves as per its type either immediate release or sustained release. Further the drugs with shorter half lives should be administered multiple times to maintain required drug level and more often, the patient needs to be prescribed multiple drugs at a time to control the symptoms and to restore the physiological system. Different variety of materials and approaches can be utilized in designing and constructions of system that is capable of providing predictable, precise and reproducible pattern of drug release. Controlled drug delivery system has been introduced to overwhelm the drawback of fluctuating drug levels associated with conventional dosage forms. Greater attention has been focused on development of sustained or controlled release drug delivery systems with recognition of therapeutic advantages of controlled drug delivery[2, 3], however its combination with immediate release in a single dosage form would be advantageous for maintaining patient compliance and effective therapeutic outcome. This can be done by using Bilayer tablets which can also combine more than one drug in a single tablet (Table 1). Table 1: Comaparison of bilayer tablet with conventional tablet for (i) Multiple drugs (ii) Immediate release and sustained release formulation of s... ... middle of paper ... ...drug used for treatment or management of a disease. Recently, fixed dose combination drugs are becoming increasingly popular, particularly as lifecycle management strategies seeking to extend intellectual property and minimizing generic exposure by creating an innovative dosage form. A survey of last 12 years patents also reveals that this technology spans almost every therapeutic category especially, antihistaminic, adrenergic, ACE inhibitor, diuretic, antidiabetic, antihypercholesterolemic, antiinflamatory, analgesic, proton pump inhibitors etc. However a study of marketed formulations showed that a combinations of antimalarials, antitussive,antidepressant, antihistaminic, antiasthamiatic, antidiabetic, antimycobacterial, antihypertensive, antibiotic, antispasmodic, analgesic, antiviral are being available in market as representative of bilayer tablet technology.
The tablet is scored and can be divided into equal halves to provide a 2.5 mg dose. Corlanor 7.5 mg: salmon-colored, triangular-shaped, film-coated tablet debossed with “7.5” on one face and plain on the other face.
Utilizes high-tech new triple acetate modified delivery protocol for enhanced drug-like delivery of parent anabolic compound into the body. Designed to bypass liver and gastric degradation to remain intact until active ingredient reaches cell signalling receptors. May synergize directly with anabolic effect of (OAAVA) for amplified anabolic effect.
Size and stability: Liquid formulation can be bulky, difficult to transport and store.1 During storage under the stated conditions, it’s necessary that oral solutions are not subject to precipitation, fast sedimentation, caking or formation of lump.2 They have poor stability compare to solid dosage form formulation due to hydrolysis.1 Therefore, it’s important to optimize the active ingredient stability in liquid formulation including those prepared from powder or granules.2
Throughout many generations the success of medicine has been dog-eared throughout history, from penicillin being created through colonized bacteria on an agar plate to chemotherapy being used to combat the ailments of cancer, we as a society rely a great deal on the effectiveness of medicine. Due to this realization one can agree that it is imperative that the medications that are being distributed and placed on the pharmaceutical market are tested and analyzed at all angles and perspectives to ensure they work effectively and successfully resulting in moderate to no side effects. The progressive industry of medicine has greatly increased since the early nineties thanks to the advancement in medical technology making
To continue, compounding would be needed if a patient wants to change something about the medicine such as flavor or strength. It is vital that s...
“Pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) can be seen as two sides of the same coin. PK and PD have a definite relationship, assessing how much drug gets to the site of action and then what that action is. Both activities are essential in the complete investigation of the interaction between the drug and body, and play significant roles in both drug development and their continual use in the clinical setting (Institute Of Clinical Research, Clinical Pharmacology Special Interest Group, Pharmacokinetics vs. Pharmacodynamics).”
The kinetics of drug release were calculated using the results of the dissolution test and after plotting the lines in different ways to perform the kinetics models for example first order, zero order, Korsmeyer-peppas, Higutchi and finally Hixson-crowell. First order was performed to assist in the description of the drug dissolution in formulations. The formula to obtain results was : First order =
contamination, toxicity, and side effects. Most people believe these medications are compounded or mixed by a trained and licensed individual. However, this is inaccurate because the pharmacy technician actually compounds a large percentage of a patient’s medications. Compounding involves a techn...
Crush medications and administer mixed with food for modification of texture to support effective swallowing (Wagner, Hardin-Pierce, & Welsh, 2018). Consult the pharmacist around what pills should not be crushed and substitute medication in liquid form if possible as indicated (Wagner, Hardin-Pierce, & Welsh, 2018).
The USP chapter <797> entails “Pharmaceutical Compounding – Sterile Preparations”, the intent of this is to help prevent death to patients being treated with compounded sterile products from germ contamination (“USP 797 standards and Guidelines”). Anyone who works with medications that require a germ free environment to be compounded or prepared needs to comply with this chapter (“USP 797 standards and Guidelines”) . Guidelines focused on in USP 797 include: responsibility of compounding personnel, which covers the responsibility in compounding products, as well as labeling, storing and dispensing properly(Johnston,12); contamination risks, which divides products into categories based on the risks of contamination (Johnston,12); personnel training and evaluation, that gives rules that personnel follow to make a sterile product (Johnston,12); Immediate use of compounded sterile products, that governs how to handle products compounded in the event of an emergency or simply needed immediately (Johnston,12); single and multi dose containers, that compares single dose containers and multi-dose, which includes their dates of expi...
In the year 1980 GlaxoWellcome entered the pharmaceutical industry with their product Zantac, an H2 receptor antagonist. Zantac achieved greater success over competing medications such as Tagamet for various reasons. Zantac seemed an attractive alternative to Tagamet as it was available as a single daily dose that could be taken before going to sleep. Tagamet had to be administered three times a day before meals. Zantac was also slightly more effective than Tagamet in reducing symptoms and suppressing the secretion of stomach acid. The healing speed and healing efficacy were also marginally higher in comparison to Tagamet. (Collen, 1984) The official labelling on Zantacs packaging stated fewer side effects than SmithKline’s Tagamet and Zantac could also be used by children and pregnant woman. Tagamets labelling indicated otherwise. This led many to believe that Glaxowellcomes Zantac was a safer, healthier option.
Its intent is to hold the industry fully responsible for pre and post-marketing products. Meaning marketing the wrong information in terms of design, labeling and safety container. Companies that bring certain medication to the public that may easily cause medication error and can be harmful. Meds that are display as candy, meds that should be chewable but cannot be chewed, dosage strength that’s incorrect, products that look-a-like and sound-a-like that are different and unclear information on packaging. On the other hand, Journal of Nursing Care Quality and the British Journal are both articles based on two peer reviews studies claiming the same med error occur through medication acquisition, transportation, and bedside delivery. The geriatric population is also known as poly-pharmacy,that are elders who use multiple medications in facilities are affected the most. This medical problem can derive from wrong acquisition due to overworked nurses, bed-side delivery when interrupted and distracted during medication pass. It could also be from an incompetent nurse or lack of communication among the health care professional
Medication management covers a variety of aspect in healthcare system. From selection and procurement down to dispensing of the medicine. People are wondering how the public sector select, where they store, how they dispense and who will benefit to these drugs that are available in government. The goal of Medication Management is to attain the optimum safety, efficacy and appropriate drug therapy to the recipient and to ensure patient-specific medication. This can be possible if there is a collaboration between health care providers and the patient.