Bibliographic Information for Three Articles

Rohan Anjutgi Adv. World History April 29, 2014 The Protestant Reformation was to a significant extent the result of human intentions. People such as Desiderius Erasmus had shown how Church corruption was evident in their society. Also, John Calvin had explained Protestantism values and beliefs, and why it was Christianity in its purest form. Uniquely, Martin Luther had been the stimulus of the Protestant reformation.

This movement was the European Christian reform movement this was the beginning of Protestantism the branch of contemporary Christianity. Martin Luther and John Calvin and many other Protestants led this movement. These reformers protest and objected to the doctrines rituals and ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Catholic Church this led to the new national Protestant churches. The Catholic Church response to this objection with a Counter Reformation that was led by the Jesuit order, which is part of the Roman Catholic Church, which a man who has taken the required steps to belong to the Society of Jesus this includes, taken the vows of poverty and obedience (McGrath 2007). The Protestant Reformation began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church, carried by the Western European Catholic who opposed what was perceived as a false doctrine and ecclesiastic malpractice.

While numerous theological issues had been brewing for some time, the Reformation was officially began in 1517 by a man named Martin Luther. Martin Luther was a professor of biblical theology who had several issues with the Catholic Church. His complaints or disputes with the Catholic Church are known as his 95 Theses. In his 95 Theses, Martin Luther argued that God offers salvation through faith alone and that religious authority comes from the Bible alone which posed a challenge to the authority of the Catholic Church. After sparking the Reformation, Martin Luther made it his goal to incorporate the church congregation in the praise and worship part of church service.

Other factors that aided the movement were the invention of printing, the rise of commerce and a middle class, and political conflicts between German princes and the Holy Roman emperor. The Reformation began suddenly when Martin LUTHER posted 95 theses on the church door at Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. Open attack on the doctrines and authority of the church followed and led to Luther's breach with the church (1520), which the Diet of Worms (1521) failed to heal. His doctrine was of justification by faith alone instead of by sacraments, good works, and meditation, and it placed a person in direct communication with God. Luther's insistence on reading the Bible placed on the individual a greater responsibility for his own salvation.

Paine understanding how the cause of patriotism would need” a dose This is a book review of Sacred Scripture, Sacred War, written by James P. Byrd. In his book Byrd of scripture, in order to help the patriots, during the times that try men’s souls,”1. Biblical patriotism being very unique perspective was based on the use of scriptures, to inspire and justify the revolution. Ministers would use these scriptures for the purpose of instruction, and inspiration, for colonial solders not well prepared and outnumbered by the English

In his classic reformation style, Calvin symbolically compared Catholic to Protestant theology by framing his theocracy not on the church as the government, but rather he separated civil government from spiritual government into a divinely ordained, segregated Protestant theocracy. Intricately expressed and executed, Calvin’s doctrine is dripping with figurative language, suggesting that Calvin went to great lengths to insure that his dislike for the Catholic papacy would not go unnoticed. Calvin’s writings, teachings and beliefs were the platform for the Puritans (Polishook). "[The Puritans] sought an intellectual, moral, and spiritual "clean-up" of institutionalized Christianity. Their standard of purity was the Bible.

There are still wars going on today, Israel against Palestine The Crusades were medieval military expeditions undertaken by European Christians to recapture the Holy Land from the Muslims (Collins new English Dictionary 1997). The word crusade is taken from the Latin word crux (cross) this is a reference to the biblical injunction that Christians carry their cross. Crusaders wore a red cloth that was sewn on their tunics to show that they took on the cross and were soldiers of Christ (Runciman, Steven, A history of the Crusades, 3 vols 1951-1954; Rep 1987). The causes of the crusades were many and complex but religion was the main factor. It was regarded as justifiable war, because it was fought to recapture the places sacred to Christians.

Pietism arose in the mid sixteen hundred. They tried to complete the Reformation as appose to renouncing it. Two men who significantly contributed to Pietism was, Johann Arndt who believed Christians and especially pastors should live a Godly life style as it says in Colossians 3. The other person who shaped Pietism was, Justinian von Welz who requested the gospel be shared amongst non-Christians and to establish Missions College to train and equip future missionaries. He challenged the church to be more outward focus and to take the gospel to other countries.

Martin Luther couldn 't help contradicting parts of Roman Catholic religious practices, particularly the offer of indulgences, religious disgrace, and the prominence on salvation through benevolent acts. He made a move by posting and dispersing his 95 theses and left a big mark on religious development, which created a branch of human faith, and later encouraging change in the Roman Catholic Church. Martin Luther was in charge of the separation of the Catholic Church. He was a mediator in the sixteenth century of a craving across the board of the reestablishment and change of the Catholic Church. He started the Protestant change, which was a continuation of the medieval religious study.

Martin Luther begins the Reformation by posting 95 theses Martin Luther is viewed as of Western history’s most significant figures in his fight for equality and civil rights.Initially, Luther, born in Germany spent his early years in relative anonymity where he was a monk and also a scholar. However, it is his contribution and scholarly work in 1517 that Luther is mostly renowned for. He wrote a document that was attacking the then Catholic Church’s corrupt practice. This practice was in the form of selling different indulgences to absolve sins that the church believed was a common attribute in the society (Ziegler and Bentley 55). His scholarly document was named the “95 Theses”.