Aim:
I will investigate how the field strength varies the deflection of Beta Particles.
Preliminary Work
I started my preliminary work because, when I started my measurements using 2 coils used in experiments to deflect electrons from and electron gun. While testing for the deflection of beta particles, I found that beta radiation was scattered in a very large cone, I can not get any readings with amount of beta radiation scattering.
So I would have to construct some type of shielding for this investigation, this is so I can measure the deflection more easily. The angle at which the beta particles are being scattered is 48o.
Deciding on the Type of Shielding
I will test for the best shielding. The best properties of the shield will be; it can be malleable to form different shapes and can be punctured, can stop radiation at a small thickness.
Equipment
Strontium 90 beta source
GM tube + counter
Different thickness of different metals
Clamps, bosses and clamp stand to hold the source and the material being tested.
Method
1. Set-up equipment as in the diagram
2. Record the thickness and the material being used.
3. Record 5 readings of the radiation count, and record them in a table
4. Replace material being tested with different material or a different sized material.
5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 as required.
Results
The background radiation reading is 2, 4, 6, 4, 5, 2. The average count is 3.8 (1dp).
Conclusion
This shows that aluminium stops radiation at 3.5 mm, this would be difficult to use because, this thickness of Aluminium is not malleable and the aluminium is not soft enough to puncture. Lead can stop radiation at very thin thickness', also lead is very malleable and is soft enough to puncture. I will use Lead shield at 0.6mm thick, since it is the most abundant thickness' available and it is the easiest to form to any shape I want.
Deciding how the shielding can be used.
I want to have a tight beam of beta particles in this investigation, so I will use my knowledge on what would be the best way to shield the source.
An unshielded source
The source is unshielded and has beta particles spreading out. Angle Theta is the angle which the beta particles are scattered through. The path of the beta particles is not a straight line, but a curve because the beta particle are deflected by the moles in the air. The points A B are the furthest points where beta ration is detected.
the effective doses from diagnostic CT procedures are typically estimated to be in the range of 1 to 10 mSv. This range is not much less than the lowest doses of 5 to 20 mSv estimated to have been received by some of the Japanese survivors of the atomic bombs. These survivors, who are estimated to have experienced doses slightly larger than those encountered in CT, have demonstrated a small but increased radiation-related excess relative risk for
(II) The enacting of Medicare Part D in 2006 only helped to fuel America’s hunger for prescription medication. In 2003, President George W. Bush announced and signed the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act (also known as the Medicare Modernization Act, or MMA) on December 8th. The roughly $400 billion dollar measure was marketed to the American public as something that will provide care for the millions of senior citizens who, at the time, were struggling to afford prescription medication. This was the largest development of Medicare since 1965, which is when the program was initially created, and gave hope to those wishing for positive medical reform. According to title XI of the “Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003”, the most significant change will be the affordability of prescription drugs by implementing the importation of drugs from Canada, along with necessary safety measures, in order to lessen the cost (United States Congress, 832). For those who were in retirement homes and lacked a steady income, the affordability of drugs was often a deciding factor in the decision to seek medical attention and the idea that those individuals ceased to live simply because they lacked the funds tugged at the heartstrings of many Americans.
These BGO crystals are arranged into 64 distinct segments so that the scintillation light from each of the segments can be distributed onto the photocathodes of four photomultiplier tubes to be amplified. These “block detectors” are placed into modules of four arranged as eight columns of 32 rows of crystals each. A ring of these detectors surrounds the patient during...
In 2006, prescription drug coverage, Medicare Part D became available under Medicare for the first time. In 40 years of history, this program is the most significant change in government health care, offering the potential for improved access to required medications for millions of Americans (Improving the Medicare Part D Program for the Most Vulnerable Beneficiaries, n.d.). The
The scattering particles in the skin consist of either lipids or proteins embedded in the fluids in and between skin cells. These fluids mainly consist of water. The lipid scatterers are found in the stratum corneum, in the cell membranes, and in the intracellular particles. The most efficient scatterers with respect to both scattering probability and scattering angle are those with dimensions close to the wavelength of the incoming light.Thus, cells themselves, with dimensions of the order of 10 µm, scatter ultraviolet radiation much less efficiently
Medicare has four parts A, B, C, and D. Medicare Part A covers inpatient hospitalization, skilled nursing centers, hospice and some home health services. Medicare Part B covers some services not covered by Part A. Typically there is a premium charged for this coverage. Part B Covers medical supplies and outpatient visits. Medicare Part C, also known as Medicare Advantage plans are offered by private insurance companies which are in contract with Medicare. Medicare Part C provides you benefits from Part A, Part B and usually covers prescription drugs. This plan will cover most services. Last is Medicare Part D, Part D is a prescription drug program offered by private insurance companies. Part D allows drug coverage to the original Medicare plan. (Medicare.gov, 2016)
Medicare, established since 1966 is a single payer, national social insurance program administered by the federal government. It applies to those whom are 65 or older, younger people with disabilities, and people with permanent kidney failure. There are 4 parts to Medicare, Part A Hospital Insurance, Part B Medical Insurance, Part C Medicare Advantage Plans, and Part D Prescription Drug Coverage.
The two major components of Medicare, the Hospital Insurance Program (Part A of Medicare) and the supplementary Medical Insurance program (Part B) may be exhausted by the year 2025, another sad fact of the Medicare situation at hand (“Medicare’s Future”). The burden brought about by the unfair dealings of HMO’s is having an adverse affect on the Medicare system. With the incredibly large burden brought about by the large amount of patients that Medicare is handed, it is becoming increasingly difficult to fund the system in the way that is necessary for it to function effectively. Most elderly people over the age of 65 are eligible for Medicare, but for a quite disturbing reason they are not able to reap the benefits of the taxes they have paid. Medicare is a national health plan covering 40 mi...
It is without a doubt that the most fascinating thing about space is the possibility of life elsewhere beside Earth. It is estimated that the Milky Way Galaxy itself contains about 300 billion stars. Each star contains planets and some planets might even have moons. With these findings, the question is no longer whether life exists elsewhere. The probability that Earth is the only place where life exists in the universe is far too slim. NASA has identified many planets that have similar conditions to Earth but most of these planets are hundreds of light years away so traveling there to find out if there’s any living organism is not easy. Luckily, scientific evidences have pointed out that one of the moons of Jupiter, Europa, could be one of the places where life can exist. If the theories proposed by astronomers about Europa are true, life on Europa might not even be entirely different than life near the bottom of Earth’s oceans.
In 1917 a young female right out of high school started working at a radium factory in Orange, New Jersey. The job was mixing water, glue and radium powder for the task of painting watch dials, aircraft switches, and instrument dials. The paint is newly inventive and cool so without hesitation she paints her nails and lips with her friends all the while not knowing that this paint that is making them radiant, is slowly killing them. This was the life of Grace Fryer. Today there are trepidations on the topic of radiation from fears of nuclear fallout, meltdowns, or acts of terrorism. This uneasiness is a result of events over the past one hundred years showing the dangers of radiation. Although most accidents today leading to death from radiation poisoning occur from human error or faults in equipment, the incident involving the now named "radium girls" transpired from lack of public awareness and safety laws. (introduce topics of the paper)
In Thucydides’ opening, he believed that the war against Athens and the Peloponnesians was going to be a great war that it would be a fundamental event proceeding all other wars for the past and future. Beginning to understand the Peloponnesian War, how it started and who was blamed, it is important to understand the Athenians. Athens was a city-state of art, philosophy and great power. With great power and influence, arrogance also followed. Greece had just finished eighteen years prior with their war against the Persians. The Greeks had strengthened in numbers, and the Athens was at the top of all other city-states. The Athenians were the first to lay aside their weapons, and to adopt an easier and more luxurious mode of life; indeed, it
The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.) was a conflict between the Athenian Empire and the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta that resulted in the end of the Golden Age of Athens. The events of the war were catalogued by the ancient historian Thucydides in The History of the Peloponnesian War. Thucydides’ writings showed the ancient Greek belief that there is a parallel between the city-state and the character of its citizens; in order for the city-state to be successful, its citizens must be virtuous. Thucydides did not believe that the true cause of the Peloponnesian War were the immediate policies of the Athenian Empire against the city-states in the Peloponnesian League but rather the fundamental differences in the character of the two city-states
Music is a low-cost intervention that often reduces surgical, procedural, acute, and chronic pain. Music also improves the quality of life for patients receiving palliative care, enhancing a sense of comfort and relaxation. Providing music to caregivers may be a cost-effective and enjoyable strategy to improve empathy, compassion, and relationship-centered care while not increasing errors or interfering with technical aspects of care. (Kemper, 2005). This is why many physicians will listen to music while performing a procedure. When a person is going through a medical procedure or battling a serious illness or disease, the family is also effected, if not more than the patient is. It may be the patient’s health, but it is the family’s and caregiver’s emotions. Music therapy c...
In the 20th century, its formal use came to be, during World War I and II musicians started to play music in hospitals to raise the moral of the people. These people had notable physical and emotional responses to music, which led the doctors and nurses to hire more musicians. (1) In its early stages of this therapy music was used to promote the well-being of the individuals, create a positive outlook on what had happened, to foster emotional expression and support, express what they were feeling, build personal relationships, interact socially, and support other forms of learning. Even though these people got better, there was not enough evidence that these people were healed by music.
Each of the studies provides good evidence in support of music therapy as a means to help physical and psychological problems. As more research is done to further solidify the potential of music therapy, the chances of becoming a widely accepted form of medical treatment increases.