Gamma-aminobutyric acid, also known as GABA, acts as a leading inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and exists within the Central Nervous system. The receptors are tightly and compactly dispersed around the areas of the brain that are active in fearful and anxious responses. These areas include the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. (Petrovich and Swanson 1997).
Benzopdiazepines are a form of pharmacologic treatment, commonly used amongst patients of anxiety, and work at the benzodiazepine receptor.
The Benzodiazepine receptors work in combination with GABA receptors, which together, hold a role in the mediating of Generalised anxiety disorder. Benzodoazepine drug treatment takes action by binding benzodiazepine to its receptors, which in turn act by increasing the attraction of GABA toward GABA receptors. This then results in a reduction in anxiety through an enhanced inhibitory neurotransmission of GABA (Goddard and Charney 1997).
A reduction in number of peripheral Benzodiazepine binding sites on platelets was displayed among GAD patients in comparison to a control group. (Weizman, tenne, Granek 1987). Along with a reduction in number of benzodiazepine binding on lymphocytes, was shown to hold causal association with anxiety. This was discovered on 40 outpatients with Generalised anxiety disorders, and was compared amongst a group of control participants. (Ferrarese et al 1990. The use of Benzodiazepine drug treatment on subjects with SAD has further supported this, as indicated the use of these drugs lead to an increase in the level of such peripheral binding sites, thus reversing this. (Rocca et al 1991). This therefore suggests that Generalised anxiety disorder displays underlying impairments within the benzodia...
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...mbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus, amygdala, and septo-hippocapus areas, all areas that play a role in mediation of anxiety behaviours. (Dubovsky and Thomas 1995). Use of agonists, to bind to and activate receptors, will produce anxiolytic effects and inhibit anxiety. Additionally, lesions surrounding these substrates will also generate anxiolytic effects. (Tye, Iverson, Green 1979, van der maelen, matheson, wilderman, patterson 1986). Busiprone is an example of such agonists used for produce of anxiolytic effects. Eison et al 1990, suggests that over production of serotonin can be causal of anxiety effects. If pre synaptic 5-HT receptors are activated, there maybe an initial reduction in amount of 5-HT released, subsequent of a higher amount of 5-HT to be transmitted. This has been supported by the use of Busiprone in patients with Generalized Anxiety Disorders.
Introduction: For my research project I would like to explore the effectiveness of antidepressant drugs. Antidepressant drugs are used are used to treat major depression and other conditions, some of which include anxiety, obsessive compulsive disorder, chronic pain and other disorders. Around the world antidepressants are used to cure these types of mental illnesses. It is argued by both medical professionals and other people whether or not they believe that antidepressants work. According to Mayo Clinic one in ten Americans take an antidepressant. Today, antidepressants have became the most common way around the world to treat major depression
Treating depressive and bipolar disorders with antidepressants remains a popular option in clinical practice. Most clinicians choose the drug or class of drugs, usually selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRI's, that is most effective and best tolerated with fewer severe side effects. These drugs are beneficial because they specifically target serotonin-based areas of the brain without affecting other neurotransmitter systems. SSRI's largely replaced tricyclic antidepressants which work by blocking the absorption (reuptake) of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine, thereby increasing the levels of these two neurotransmitters in the brain. Tricyclic antidepressants present severe side effects and thus are usually only used when other treatments have failed. If SSRI's or tricyclics are not effective Monoamine oxidase inhibitors may be prescribed. MAOI's, enhance tyramine to increase norepinephrine and serotonin. While taking MAOI's you must abstain from foods and alcohol that contain tyramine such as, yogurt, aged cheese, and substances such as cold medications. This is because a potential toxic reaction could occur. Additionally, other antidepressants may be utilized such as Wellbutrin (bupropion) an NDRI-
Basically, serotonin levels will provide various benefits regarded to health and mental. It is also called feel good chemical which will apply benefits to both biological and psychological functions. Most of this supplement’s application is found primarily in digestive tract and blood plates. Only small amount of this supplement will be served for its purpose in central nervous systems and brains. If users says that they are in way to achieve serotonin levels, then it is clearly understood that the small percentage will exists in the brain. It is capable of delivering various benefits regarding to mental function and maintenance of serotonin levels of the brain. The neurotransmitter has various things to do
Comparison of the Effects of Antidepressants and Their Metabolites on Reuptake of Biogenic Amines and on Receptor Bindings. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Vol.19, No.4.Denmark: Plenum Publishing Co. Science Direct, (2003).Fluoxetine inhibits A-type Potassium Currents in Primary Cultured Rat Hippocampal Neurons. Department of Physiology, Medical Research Center, South Korea.
This assignment will discuss the professional, legal and ethical issues related to the self-use of medication by nurses. It will also explore the importance of reporting this misconduct by both professionals in the scenario and how they might do so. The self-use of medication by nurses is not allowed or justifiable according to the guidance provided to nurses by An Bord Altranais (ABA 2007). It will also be evident throughout this assignment the need for Jack to report Linda’s self-use of the medication or urge Linda to do so regardless of the consequences it may present to both him and Linda as according to Nurses and Midwifery Board of Ireland (NMBI 2013), nurses can now be held responsible for not taking action. This is because delivering the greatest level of care to a patient is an essential role of a nurse and the main focus of the nurse’s work should be on caring for that patient (ABA 2010). There is also an ethical duty upon both nurses to report the misconduct according to the four ethical principles; Beneficence, non-maleficence, justice and autonomy (Edwards 2009).
In the brainstem, the most primitive part of the brain, lie clusters of serotonin neurons. The nerve fiber terminals of the serotonergic neurons extend all throughout the central nervous system from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. This neurotransmitter is responsible for controlling fundamental physiological aspects of the body. In the central nervous system (CNS), serotonin has widespread and often profound implications, including a role in sleep, appetite, memory, learning, temperature regulation, mood, sexual behavior, cardiovascular function, muscle contraction, and endocrine regulation. Not only does this bioamine control physiological aspects of the body, but it also has an involvement in behaviors like eating, sleeping and aggression. Serotonin has been noted to produce an inhibitory effect on the nervous system that calms, soothes and generates feelings of general contentment and satiation.
Benzodiazepine or know as benzo on the street. Benzos effect the central nervous system by slowing down the ...
(271) Before we can answer the question we fist need to understand what GABA means. It means gamma-aminobutyric acid which is a common neurotransmitter in the brain. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that carry messages from one to another. GABA has inhibitory messages that are received in the receptor which cause the neuron to stop firing. In other words if during a normal fear or anxiety reaction, key neurons start firing more rapidly, triggering the firing of more neurons creating a state of excitability throughout the body: perspiration, breathing heavily, and muscle tension increase. If the excitability keeps persisting it starts a continuous feedback system where the brain and body reduce the level of excitability by emitting GABA through some neurons which bind GABA receptors on certain neurons which stop firing which cease the feeling of fear and anxiety. So, some of the some limitations of this explanation would be having a malfunction in the feedback system which can cause fear and anxiety to go unchecked this has been proven by reducing GABA in animals which proved a rise in anxiety.
Fear and Anxiety are essential functions that occur in the brain that allow people to respond to stimuli appropriately. These feelings as normal as they are can cause problems and in 3.1 percent of adult Americans approximately 6.8 million people it does cause problems (“Generalized anxiety disorder”, 2014). A problem can arise when people have too much fear and anxiety; a problem is evident when it interferes with their life and their ability to do things. This is known as general anxiety disorder (GAD). When someone is suffering from generalized anxiety disorder they normally experience excessive exaggerated anxiety and worry about normal life events that give no clear reason for worry (“Generalized anxiety disorder”, 2014). This disorder can be debilitating and rule over people’s lives if it is severe and a better understanding of the disorder can be gained by looking at historical views, current views, causes and symptoms, case studies, differential diagnosis considerations, and treatment.
Some of the most abused prescription medications are those for mental issues such as, antidepressants, anxiety and sleep disorder. In Britain mixed anxiety & depression is the most common mental disorder, with almost 9% of the people meeting the criteria for the dia...
Zoloft was first introduced to the United States in 1980’s. Another name for Zoloft is sertraline and is in a group of antidepressants called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. At first Zoloft was made to treat major depressive disorder, but as the drug progressed over time it can now treat panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Zoloft is the most commonly used antidepressant because it works extremely well, it is safe, and its side effects are not as serious as other antidepressants.
Depression is a mental illness, which affects millions of Americans each year. Currently there are many prescription drugs, called anti-depressants that have been proven to successfully treat it. The causes of depression are somewhat of a medical enigma, however, it is known that depression is associated with a change in the brains chemistry involving the function of neurotransmitters (Reichert). This chemical change occurs in healthy brain’s, which experience sadness, but ends after the unpleasant stimulus is removed. In people suffering from depression this chemical change does not correspond to any particular stimulus. Symptoms of depression are often incapacitating and include severe and extended sadness, feelings of worthlessness, feelings of emptiness, irritability and anxiety (Reichert, Spake).
(Hale, 1886) Panic disorder tends to run in families with first degree relatives of patients having four to seven times greater risk than the general population. Metabolically, the levels of three neurotransmitters, nor-epinephrine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), and serotonin, may play a role in anxiety. These neurotransmitters act as signals between brain cells. Drugs that change the levels of these neurotransmitters are useful in the treatment of anxiety. Hyperventilation (rapid shallow breathing) can cause a decrease in carbon dioxide in the blood. This decrease in carbon dioxide has been associated with anxiety. Anxiety can be caused by psychological factors as well. One theory is that there is an unconscious conflict between certain wishes and desires, and guilt associated with these desires. Another theory is that certain fearful childhood situations provoke anxiety later. This later theory has been associated with agoraphobia in that the fear of being abandoned in the past may lead to fear of public places.
The patient still suffers from anxiety and has been taking the Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor - Fluoxetine 20mg (BNF 2014: 251-254) once daily since his last visit and the patient reports very low motivation due to a recent separation a...