Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), also referred to as Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy is the enlargement of the prostate gland. The term hyperplasia is more suitable as the main prostatic changes are caused by the hyperplasia, and not hypertrophy. BPH is a chronic condition commonly affecting men over fifty years of age and its prevalence and severity increases with age. In United States, the incidence of BPH in men 60 years of age and older is 60%, and those of 70 years or older is 90%.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia - Pathophysiology The growth and development of prostate is controlled by the male hormone, testosterone and its active metabolite, dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Testosterone is converted to DHT by an enzyme called 5 alpha reductase.
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In addition, Sympathetic nervous system stimulation caused by norepinephrine increases the prostatic smooth muscle tone, which further worsens LUTS (Buttaro et al., 2013). The symptoms can be either obstructive or irritative in nature. Obstructive symptoms include slow urine flow, urinary hesitancy, need to strain to initiate urine flow, feeling of incomplete emptying, and terminal dribbling. Irritative symptoms include urinary urgency, frequency, and nocturia (DuBeau, Yalla, & Resnick, 2011). Irritative symptoms are due to reduced functional bladder capacity, instability or infection. Occasionally there will be hematuria. All these symptoms may be present over years with the intensity gradually increasing. Mr. Martinez Jose has a combination of obstructive and irritative symptoms, such as decreased urine flow, increased nocturia and slight terminal dysuria, for two years with worsening of symptoms during last two weeks (South University Online (SUO), 2015). Digital rectal examination shows enlargement, which can be soft or firm, with smooth mucosal surface and no distinction between lobes (McCance, & Huether, …show more content…
According to several population based studies, the mean decrease in peak urine flow rate is about 0.2ml/second/year and the average increase in prostate volume is 1-2cubic centimeter/year (Kirby, Roger, & Gilling, 2011). In men, prostate enlargement is normal part of aging. According to Martin, Lange, & Haren (2014), BPH progression rates rise sharply with age. As BPH progresses, hyperplastic tissue impinges on the prostatic urethra, resulting in progressive obstruction of urine flow and secondary changes in the function of bladder. Progressive impairment of bladder emptying may culminate in acute urinary retention (AUR), a condition that demands immediate hospitalization and catheterization. In severe cases, the extent of bladder distention may impede full recuperation of bladder function. The incidence of LUTS varies with age, ranging from 14% for men in their forties and 40% for men in their sixties. The risk of BPH progression events is based on various factors such as age and prostate volume (Emberton et al, 2011). Mostly, men seek medical help due to reduced urine flow, increased symptoms, and increased bother. Mr. Jose came to see the physician after two years of having symptoms, only when the symptoms worsened and started interfering his activities of daily living (SUO, 2015). It is crucial for health care providers to identify patients, who are at increased risk for disease progression, in order to improve therapy
A 54 year old female was presented with complaints of lethargy, excessive thirst and diminished appetite. Given the fact that these symptoms are very broad and could be the underlying cause of various diseases, the physician decided to order a urinalysis by cystoscope; a comprehensive diagnostic chemistry panel; and a CBC with differential, to acquire a better understanding on his patient health status. The following abnormal results caught the physician’s attention:
The Pituitary gland has many functions and regulations that are continuously functioning.However when there is a disruption in those functions there is an imbalance. Prolactinoma is an imbalance caused by a non cancerous tumor. The tumor causes the secretion of prolactin.Prolactin in a type of hormone in which normally stimulates lactation. In turn the body reacts to this hormone prolactin in more than one way.
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common ailments that affect aging men. Statistics show that more than half of the entire male population aged 65 have some form of BPH, while about 90 percent of men aged 85 have the condition. Every year, in the United States alone, about a quarter of a million surgeries are performed to correct BPH. As they name implies, BPH is a non-malignant growth of the prostate, the gland that secretes semen, the fluid that transports sperm. Although not harmful, BPH can bring about symptoms that could largely affect the quality of life of its sufferers.
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited condition that affects hormone production in the adrenal gland. The individual lacks enzymes to make cortisol, and hormones are instead are shifted away to make other hormones, specifically androgens. This results in the deficiency of cortisol and the abundance of testosterone.
2013). Inappropriate use of urinary catheter in patients as stated by the CDC includes patients with incontinence, obtaining urine for culture, or other diagnostic tests when the patient can voluntarily void, and prolonged use after surgery without proper indications. Strategies used focused on initiating restrictions on catheter placement. Development of protocols that restrict catheter placement can serve as a constant reminder for providers about the correct use of catheters and provide alternatives to indwelling catheter use (Meddings et al. 2013). Alternatives to indwelling catheter includes condom catheter, or intermittent straight catheterization. One of the protocols used in this study are urinary retention protocols. This protocol integrates the use of a portable bladder ultrasound to verify urinary retention prior to catheterization. In addition, it recommends using intermittent catheterization to solve temporary issues rather than using indwelling catheters. Indwelling catheters are usually in for a longer period. As a result of that, patients are more at risk of developing infections. Use of portable bladder ultrasound will help to prevent unnecessary use of indwelling catheters; therefore, preventing
Androstenedione, known as "andro", is made of a naturally occurring hormone of the body, which is used naturally in tiny amounts to make the male hormone testosterone. It is found in humans, animals and the pollen of many plants. Andro is produced in the gonads and adrenal glands of all mammals. It is said to help speed up the recovery of injuries along with bodybuilding and weight training to increase muscle mass. The androgens are the male sex steroids. When andro is taken it can convert the female sex steroid, estrogen into testosterone. Testosterone increases body and facial hair, acne, deepens the voice, enhances prostate growth, and promotes muscular growth. Blood levels of testosterone start rising about 15 minutes and peak about an hour after oral consumption of androstenedione. When users take too much, androgen shuts off the bodyís own making of testosterone, which can damage normal testicular function (Quinn).
Prostate cancer has been the number one diagnosed cancer today. According to the World Health Organization, approximately one in every ten American men will develop prostate cancer during his lifespan. This cancer has been very common in the last few years. American Cancer Society reported over 200,000 new cases of prostate cancer. Huge number of population suffered severely. The prostate is significant for reproduction. It helps the substances that are involved in fertilization and transporting of sperm as well as survival. Prostate tumor is developed in the prostate gland, which is found in the men’s reproductive system. Prostate is the size of a walnut, which is located inferiorly in the penis and anterior to the rectum. It contains the connective tissue, which includes the glandular and fibrous tissues. This tumor starts to develop during their adolescent year due to the control of the male reproductive hormones. When the tumor starts to develop, it begins at the urethra, which is a tube that releases the urine from the bladder. The tumor is a slow development yet it is contagious to the other parts of the body, such as it does affect the pelvic bones, lungs, liver, and the lower vertebrae (Zenka, 2009).
As a man gets older, his prostate may get bigger and block the urethra of bladder, which can cause him to have difficulty urinating or even interfere with sexual functions. This condition is called benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and although it is not cancer, surgery may be needed to correct it. The symptoms of BPH, or other problems in the prostate may be similar to symptoms of prostate cancer. Some common symptoms of prostate cancer are: weak or interrupted flow of urine, urinating often (especially at night), difficulty urinating, pain or burning from urinating, blood in the urine, and nagging pain in the back, hips, or pelvis. Often, there are no early symptoms of prostate cancer.
The symptoms of a PPH include uncontrolled bleeding, hematoma or pain and swelling in the tissues around the vagina, decrease in hematocrit, decreased blood pressure and increased heart rate. The rapid loss of blood or loss of too much...
can block the urinary tract. This blockage will probably cause a lot of pain. If
Genitourinary system: He doesn’t have pain during urinating and no increase of passing urine and he doesn’t need to get up in the middle of the night to pass urine. There is no blood in the urine.
Swan, S.H., F. Liu, J.W. Overstreet, C. Brazil, and N.E. Skakkebaek. "Growth Hormones Fed to
Today, prostate cancer is usually detected through screening, and there are two methods for early detection. The prostate-specific antigen test (PSA) is used, but there are many factors that can influence the outcome of the PSA test. Medications such as antihistamines, physical exertion or recent ejaculation can raise a PSA level (Gray, 2009). The test itself was intended for staging the presence of known prostate cancer and is less reliable when used alone (Oliver, 2007).
Steidle, C. "AA2500 Testosterone Gel Normalizes Androgen Levels in Aging Males with Improvements in Body Composition and Sexual Function." Review. n.d.: n. pag.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. June 2003. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. .
The male reproductive system is a set of organs that works together to produce sperm which will later in life fertilize females eggs. The testes are the most important part of the system because it produces sperm cells. It is similar and looks similar to ovaries of a female’s reproductive system because it also holds what they need to reproduce. Its job is to produce the sperm cells needed to reproduce. Due to hormonal imbalances the production of sperm cells may not even be possible in some males. Testosterone is the male the hormone that gives men there manly characteristics. It is made up of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen with a white color. In the male body it helps develop sex organs, a deeper voice, and facial hair (Khalid, 2013). Cancer or a genetic disorder in males is the most common thing that cause the reductions of testosterone production in the body. Behind the testes is the epididymis which lets sperm go through the vas deferens from the testes (Dictionary, 2014). It looks like leach the way it is position right on the testes but it is thinner. When sperm is produces the ...