Introduction:
Seed germination is a process where the quiescence seed imbibed with water, the seed radical elongates and breaks through the seed coat surrounding the embryo. However, most of the plant seeds do not germinate immediately and they under goes period of dormancy. These dormant seeds are normally dehydrated, containing inactive enzymes and resistant to unfavorable condition. These characteristic allowed the seed to be dispersed before germination occur and survive adverse environmental condition such as drought.
In order for a seed to break its dormancy, optimum conditions were required for seed to germinate. There are three important conditions for seeds to germinate: suitable temperature, sufficient water supply, and also satisfactory level of oxygen. Water supply is important as it is used to rehydrate the seed tissues and induce breakage of the seed coat which posted as a physical barrier for radical to elongate (Debeaujon et al., 2000). Besides that, oxygen is also an essential element for seed germination because aerobic respiration of the seed tissues produces energy, ATP, which is required for further development of embryo. The optimum temperature for potential seed germination varies on plant species but it is one of the important factors that affect seed germination. Factors such as light and hormones also contribute in seed germination process. The exposure of light is critical for certain plant seeds to germinate, furthermore, light have an indirect effect to the surrounding temperature. Hormones are important as they signal the production of enzyme in seed to perform process such as mitotic division, degradation of cell wall, and cell differentiation.
Thus, the aim of this experiment is to investigate the effect of light, planting depth and hormones on seed germination.
Materials and Methods:
In section A, effect of light on seed germination was studied. The materials used in section A was 100 lettuce seeds, 100 green beans, 4 Petri dishes, cotton wool, and 4 filter papers. 2 Petri dishes were labeled as water + light (LS) and water + dark (LS). The other 2 Petri dishes were labeled as water + light (GB) and water + dark (GB). All the Petri dishes were placed with filter paper that was moistened by 2mL of water. Then, 5mL of water is used to moisten the cotton wool which was placed on top of all the Petri dishes. 50 lettuces seeds were placed to each Petri dish that was labeled LS and 50 green beans were placed to each Petri dish that was labeled GB.
Plant hormones are certain chemicals present in plants that control plant growth and development by affecting the division, differentiation, and elongation of cells. (Campbell, 2008) Each hormone has multiple effects depending on its site of action, its concentrations, and the developing stage of the plant. (Campbell, 2008) Auxin is a plant hormone that is synthesized within the apical meristems and young leaves of a growing plant. Auxin stimulates stem elongation when it is present is low concentrations. It promotes the formations of lateral and adventitious roots, regulates development of fruit, enhances apical dominance, functions in gravitropism and phototropism, promotes vascular differentiation, and retards leaf abscission. Gibberellic acid is one of several plant hormones that govern a plant’s growth. Gibberellins allow for stem elongation in plants. Plants without enough of this hormone tend to grow short or stunted. This chemical is high in the element potassium, which is one the main components of plant fertilizer and very important for plant growth on its own. The...
The germinating seeds consumed almost no oxygen throughout the experiment in the 10-degree C water bath. I think that this is because when an organism cools down, all of its cellular functions slow down.
Abstract: Gibberellic acid is a plant hormone that is used to stimulate growth and fasten the germination of plants. When Gibberellic acid used on plants, it produces bigger and fuller leaves following by elongating the stems. This experiment was designed to determine the effect that Gibberellic acid will have on the growth of a seed germination. As performed in class, three types of radish seed were treated with Gibberellic acid to see the effects the acid will have on those three seeds. During the treatment plan, the three seeds received a different amount of acid and water five times a week. For instance, Seed A got approximately 2.5ML of Gibberellin acid, seed B got 5.0ML, and seed C got 10ML, following by seed A getting 17.5ML of water, seed B getting 15.0ML, and seed C obtaining 10ML of water. However, based on this treatment plan, seed A and B showed no growth. While, the seed that consumed more acid, which was Seed C showed rapid growth. In this case, the only possible explanation for this surprising result could be that the Seeds
Germinating tobacco seeds are a very delicate thing to do. Seeds are spread out on the surface of a seedbed to be nursed until they are strong enough to be out in a field. The “nursery” takes about 2 months of supervising the growth of the plant and to control diseases and pests (Akehurst, 1968). Before replanting in a field, producers have to assess a field site. There needs to be a reliable
UXL Encyclopedia of Science (2002), stated that seeds are a part of plant. It can be the cause for a new plant. When plants grow they will produce another set of seeds until the plants spread through the given space to them.
Below is Diagram 1 showing the longitudinal section through a barley seed, outlining the process undertaken for the conversion of starch into maltose, by the action of seed embryo synthesis initiating germination, and the production of gibberellin. 2(Jones, p. 120).
Six weeks previous to the conductance of this lab, Biology 108 section,planted wheat and mustard plants according to table#1 on page 3 of the Principles of Biology 108 Lab Manual . This table depicts all of the total pots and number and type of seeds planted in the pots. It accounts for the experiments of the intraspecific competition and interspecific competition. Replicates of each pot were planted to add precision and more acceptable statistics. Therefore, there were 40 pots, that is, 20 treatments conducted twice(Ciara, 1993).
Also, on the second day we observed that the seed in pH 5 was turning to a lighter color compared to the other seeds which stayed the same. Then again on day 5 pH 5 seedling stem was more white compared to the others which were more green. Lastly, in all of the different pHs at least 3 seeds germinated from each one.
Introduction: In our experiment we studied the effects of Miracle Gro 1x on 10 Phaseolus vulgaris beans (Bush Beans). We wanted to find out if Miracle Gro 1x would help the seeds Germinate faster than water.
In terms of temperature, some groups will have soil with a higher temperature and others will try a lower temperature. Groups 1-4 will plant seeds in soil that has a soil with a low temperature (50° - 65°) and groups 5-9 will plant the seeds in a soil with a moderate temperature (65° - 80°, the final group will plant seeds in soil that has the highest temperature (80° - 95°). These temperatures will range from 50° to 95°. Soil moisture will vary depending on the group and how much water they decide to use. For example, different soil types absorb water differently. As far as our grouping, the first group (1-4) will be planting seeds using soil with the highest level of moisture being about 10m3, the second group will using soil with a slightly lower moisture
An Investigation Into the Inhibiting Effect of Tomato Juice on the Germination of Cress Seeds
With these advantages, the seeds stands a much better chance of survival. It allows a species to begin ‘colonizing’ in a new area. Instead of simply growing in a very specific area, a species can extend its habitat.
In seedless watermelons, rudimentary seed structures form but remain small, soft, white, tasteless and undeveloped tiny seed coats that are eaten virtually undetected along with the flesh of the melon. Seed production for these seedless types is an extremely labor intensive process that makes the seeds relatively expensive. Because germination of these types is often less vigorous than normal types, it is recommended that they be started in peat pots or other transplantable containers. Here the germinating conditions can be closely controlled. Once transplanted, cultivation is similar to that for regular watermelons.
This lesson is designed to review and reinforce a few important concepts about plants (e.g. Needs, parts, sequence of planting) and to also guide the students through applying a few scientific inquiry (e.g. Making observations, experimentation, discussion, reflection, reporting results etc.). The students have previously planted corn and bean seeds and today’s lesson has provided the students a chance to see the results of the planted corn and bean seeds. Additionally, seeds have been planted under and growing under the following conditions: without water, and without soil. The students see the results of these seeds planted under these conditions for the past week. Two plants in particular have already been grown their growth has been
Seed dispersal is the transport or movement of seeds away from the parent plant in order to help prevent the overcrowding (if this happens plants would not have enough food and light to survive in the area) and help to create new colonies. Thus giving the seed the best chance to germinate in a new location away from the parent plant and hopefully start new colonies. Due to the fact plants have limited mobility they rely on a variety of dispersal vectors to transport their seeds via abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) vectors. There are five main methods of seed dispersal, animals, gravity, wind, ballistic and water (1). Fire is also another way for seeds to be dispersed but is not as common as the other methods.