This paper will review five studies concerning the behavior and development of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The studies investigate how autism effects communication, socialization, cognitive development, and a number of other areas. Researchers use many different types of scales to measure and compare the difference between children with ASD and typically developing children.
Methodology
Study 1
Morgan, Lindee, Wetherby, Amy M., Barber, Angie (2008) Repetitive and stereotyped movements in children with autism spectrum disorders late in the second year of life
In this study there were three groups of children between 18 and 24 months of age participated. One group had Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), another group had developmental delays (DD) but autism was ruled out, and the third group had a typical development (TD). They conducted a study in which they videotaped some behavioral samples using the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile (CSBS). This is a clinical tool that is used to measure repetitive and stereotyped movements (RSM) in young children. The experiment takes about twenty minutes to administer and uses communication techniques such as bubbles, different toys, cheerios, books, and other activities to promote communication is the children.
Study 2
Luyster, Rhiannon J., Kadlec, Mary Beth, Carter, Alice, Tager-Flusberg, Helen (2008) Language Assessment and Development in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Participants were based on ages of 18 to 33 months and were picked from collaboration with early intervention in Massachusetts. The sample size was 164 toddlers, 129 boys and 35 girls. 142 were white, 2 were African American, 4 were Asian, 1 American Indian/ Alaska...
... middle of paper ...
...th Autism not only to typically developing children but to children with other disorders or a milder case of autism and using other methods of assessment would work for future research.
Study 4
For future research it would help if the sample size was larger because not many people participated in the survey.
Study 5
For future studies there should be a control group to compare ASD participants with typically developing participants and also a larger sample size.
Concluding Comments
The majority of this research focuses on communication, socialization, verbal use, repetitive movements, the assessment, and behavioral responses in children with ASD. Each study focused on a different aspect of the development of children with ASD, but they all reached the same conclusions in the results. Children with ASD develop differently in many areas than typical children.
Development of social skills is very important for children that are diagnosed with autism because of ...
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can be detected early in a child’s life. ASD is a developmental disorder classified by problems with social interaction,
It can be noticed by the parents at early age (congenital) or during childhood (from 3 to 6 years). Recognizing ASD is by observing the patients' communication skills, interaction with people and things around him\her and sometimes by some health problems like sleeping problems and gastrointestinal distress. This changes are usually noticeable in the first two years in children because these are the most interactive and transitional years of the children's lives. (2,5) These symptoms are reduced down to three main symptoms which are social interaction, communication, and repetitive behavioral issues. Social impairment is what distinguish ASD from other developmental disorders. Most patient with ASD finds interaction with others difficult and challenging or lack the intuition about people. They also tend to avoid eye contact, fail to respond to their own names, and prefer to be alone. However they form attachments to their primary caregivers. (2,4,5)Second, communication problems which can occur in different verbal abilities from no speech to fluent, but impropriate and awkward. They are noticed when trying to ask for something or tell something, and it can appear as delay in talking or difficulty in following or starting a conversation. (5,6)Finally, is the behavioral issues which mainly are focusing on unnecessary things like the far train's voice, inability to live without daily routine, and stereotyped behavior like hand
The author emphasises a unique approach to each individual who falls on the spectrum because each problem can be approached numerous ways to find a proficient solution. The author advocates that each individual experiencing ASD find a program or learning approach that works favorably for them. Siegel denotes that no two educational programs or teaching methods are the same, nor is there any program that is more effective than the other. When choosing a program, one must consider personal ability, necessary accommodations, and whether or not the curriculum is developmentally appropriate.
Children with autism have multiple characteristic impairments in their social interaction skills. This results from the lack of “Theory of Mind” in autistic individuals. Autistic children have difficulty interpreting what another person may be thinking or feeling. Social impairments may cause the child to act inappropriately in social interactions and prevent the children from truly taking part in interactions. The children have difficulty recognizing social cues and responding to cues. Autistic children have a hard time forming relationships as a result of these impairments. Social stories, Applied Behavior Analysis, and Pivotal Response Training are three therapy techniques that help children with autism learn appropriate social behavior. Social stories allow the children to practice the situation in a lower stress environment. Applied Behavior Analysis utilizes positive reinforce to teach desired skills. Pivotal Response Training allows the child to learn social skills while in a natural play environment. Learning social skills through these techniques enable the children to have more meaningful relationships and engage more in their community.
Autism is a form of neurodevelopment disorder in the autism spectrum disorders. It is characterized by impaired development in social interactions and communication, both verbal and non-verbal. There is an observed lack of spontaneous acts of communication; both receptive and expressed, as well as speech impairments. A person diagnosed with Autism will also show a limited range of activities and interests, as well as forming and maintain peer relationships. The individuals will display limited interests, which are often very focused and repetitive. He or she is likely to be very routine oriented and may show behavioral symptoms such as hyperactivity, impulsivity, aggressiveness, and self-injurious behaviors.
The Mullen Scales of Early Learning is an assessment that is based on the child 's responses to each activity prepared by the examiner. It targets the strengths and weakness in children and help to access modality performance and identifies learning ability, learning disability, and mental retardation in children between the ages of 21 and and 63 months of age. This assessment is appropriate for an autistic student because it assesses language , motor abilities and expressive levels. The ADOS is a standardized assessment for communication, social interaction, and restricted and repetitive behaviors. This assessment presents many activities that trigger behaviors that are directly related to the diagnosis of ASD. Results are obtained by observing the child’s behaviors. The information that is obtained informs the diagnosis, treatment, planning, and educational placement of the
Autism is characterized as a developmental disorder that is seen in children by the age of three years old. Autism affects the brains normal, natural development, and causes many impairments. The major impairments that affect an individual are reciprocal socialization, Qualitative impairment in communication, and repetitive or unusual behavior. Signs of Autism can be seen in early infanthood, with proper awareness and resources. An infant child can appear to be adverse to eye contact early on. Some signs in early infancy appear as being indifferent to affection and physical contact. When spoken to, they can appear to be deaf or ignoring the parent or caregiver. Noticing the early red flags of Autism can provide an early intervention and give the child the best chance at learning to tolerate their environment. Children around three years old will display certain signs and symptoms.
Autism is a disease. One of the main characteristics is having social problems. Children with Autism have trouble interacting with other children. They won’t play with other children. They could be so focus...
Autism usually occurs within the first three years of life, and drastically affects the development of a child. It is also the fastest growing developmental disorder in the United States (Autism Project, 2014). One out of eighty- eight children is diagnosed with Autism, and boys are five times more likely to be diagnosed (ASDS 2013). Many areas of development are affected by autism. This is a disease that disturbs the brains normal development of communication, social interaction, and sensory processing (Inc 2013).
Izadi-Najafabadi et al (2015), journal’s the purpose was to determine if whether or not, ASD children could learn a motor skill both implicitly and explicitly. this study, had children that range from ages 7-11 years and had attend at public elementary school. Prior to experimentation, the children with ASD were diagnosed based on medical examinations and autism spectrum disorder screening. Also, in this study there were a total of thirty boys diagnosed with ASD, aged 7-11 with an IQ average of 81.2, who were compared with 32 typical IQ and age-matched boys on their performance on a serial reaction time task (SRTT). In both groups of boys were divided into equal groups of implicit and explicit motor learning. Each group were matched by their
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that typically manifests before the age of three. Individuals with ASD have impairments in social interaction, communication, and behavior. This is referred to as the Triad of Impairments. Behavioral impairments include repetitive behaviors such as arm flapping or body rocking, being easily upset by minor changes to routine, and obsessive or ritualized behaviors and interests. Communication impairments include delayed speech, repetition of words or phrases, and unusual speech inflection. Social impairment is similar to communication impairment, but also includes having difficulty with interpreting communication, poor eye contact, flat affect, difficulties with playing
Petrus, C., Adamson, SR., Block, L., Einarson, SJ., Sharifnejad, M., & Harris, SR. (2008) Effects of Exercise Interventions on Stereotypic Behaviours in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Physiotherapy Canada, 60(2), 134-145.
The scientific and medical community states that “Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by difficulties in social interaction and communication and by repetitive and stereotyped behaviors.” (Beaudoin, Sébire & Couture, 2014) Autism is typically diagnosed during infancy, however, there are cases, when it has been diagnosed in an adult, after years of normal development. To put it simply,
Autism affects an estimated 2 to 20 of every 10,000 people, depending on the diagnostic criteria used to diagnosis the intended person (“Autism Fact Sheet – Guide for Parents of Autistic Children”, 2011). Autism is characterized as a spectrum disorder that is described as a complex developmental disability. Individuals within the autism spectrum disorder may have autism, Asperger’s syndrome, and various developmental disorders. Behaviors associated with autism include delayed language development, difficulty making eye contact, trouble holding a conversation, decrease