This experiment on ball and beam was performed to understand how control systems work. The main aim of the experiment was to design a controller that could bring the ball to a steady position after an external disturbance was produced. Proportional Control, manual control and PD control were implemented in order to observe the behaviour of the system. During the observations it was observed that the most efficient control was the PD control with a high frequency integrating filter to cancel the noise produced by the differential gain. The PD control was then fine-tuned in order to achieve a better stability of the system which came at Kp 0.5 and Kd at 0.7-1.At these values the system was damped and had reduced the peak overshoot and as well as the steady state error
In order to understand the basic principles that lie behind control systems and there design. A simple ball and beam experiment provides us a useful insight into how control systems are used in our everyday applications e.g. to control the flaps of an air plane etc. The ball and beam experiment is therefore a classic example in understanding the feedback of control systems and understanding how to control an unstable system using feedback control system. The main objective in the experiment is to maintain a steady position of the ball during external disturbances by implementing a feedback control system to continuously adjust the beams angle to bring the ball to a steady state or in rest position. The system is an open loop unstable system because the systems output which is the balls position is changing for a fixed angle of the beam. The theory background is essential to understand the working of the ball and beam experiment which uses methods such as a proportio...
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... Controller Design, Available at: http://ctms.engin.umich.edu/CTMS/index.php?example=Introduction§ion=ControlPID(Accessed: 24th March 2014).
• Krishna,B (December 26, 2012) Design and Simulation of Gain Scheduling PID Controller for Ball and Beam System , Dubai: .
• (2012) PIDController, Availableat: http://ctms.engin.umich.edu/CTMS/index.php?example=Introduction§ion=ControlPID (Accessed: 24th March 2014).
• () PID Controller, Available at: https://blackboard.le.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-1034397-dt-content-rid-2610403_2/courses/EG2003/Extra%20Notes%20PID.pdf (Accessed: 24th March 2014).
• http://ctms.engin.umich.edu/CTMS/index.php?example=Introduction§ion=ControlPID
• Ball And Beam Position Control Using QuaRC, Available at:http://www2.hawaii.edu/~gurdal/EE351L/exp04.pdf (Accessed: 24th March 2014).
• http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/13500/1/lec_1_web.pdf
Ever since I was little I was amazed at the ability for a machine to fly. I have always wanted to explore ideas of flight and be able to actually fly. I think I may have found my childhood fantasy in the world of aeronautical engineering. The object of my paper is to give me more insight on my future career as an aeronautical engineer. This paper was also to give me ideas of the physics of flight and be to apply those physics of flight to compete in a high school competition.
Baseball is a fascinating sport that is exceptionally fun to play. This assignment is all about understanding the physics of a few key aspects of this sport. One might ask what physics could have to do with baseball? Like most sports baseball involves physical motion. Baseball encompasses all three planes of motion through throwing, hitting, and fielding. All of the classical laws of mechanics can be applied to understand the physics of this game.
(http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/ballforce.html Horney, A., Lowry, T., Schwenker, E., & wray, E. (2008). A New spin on baseball. Electronic Proceedings of Undergraduate Mathematics, 3(4)).
A baseball pitcher throws a baseball across the plate and the batter hits it to center field, and elderly man pitches horseshoes, a young person spikes a volleyball, student practices driving a golf ball while a college athlete practices punting a football. Once more, as is the case with pushing and pulling, a widely diverse set of activities has a common denominator. Each of these activities involves sequential movement of the body segments resulting in the production of a summated velocity at the end of the chain of segments used. The path produced by the end point of this chain of segments is curvilinear in nature. Sequential segmental motions are most frequently used to produce high velocities in external objects. Depending on the objective of the skill, speed, accuracy, distance, or some combination, modifications in the sequential pattern may be involved, larger or smaller ranges of motion might be used, and longer of shorter lever lengths may be chosen. Regardless of the modifications, the basic nature of the sequential throwing, striking or kicking pattern remains the same.
...mpanies. The Structural Test Article simulated pressure on the vertical components during launch. After testing, Marshall concluded that the gap size was sufficient for both of the O-rings to be out of position. Again Thiokol rebutted Marshall’s claim by challenging the validity of the electrical components used to measure joint rotation. Thiokol believed that their test was superior to Marshall’s test, because it validated their conclusion. This is a fundamental problem know as experimenter’s regress. Since the true solution is unknown, the best test is the one that supports the experimenter’s view. Since this disagreement could not be solved between the two, the O-ring manufacturer was consulted. The manufacturer told the two that the O-ring was not designed for such high project specifications needed for the craft, but NASA decided to work with what they had.
The game of baseball has several elements of motion to it – throwing, catching, hitting, running – but I’ve chosen to focus on the physics involved in hitting a baseball. To a spectator, the exchange is simple: the pitcher throws the baseball, an opposing batter tries to hit the ball. Even to an athlete, the process is not one of thought, but of instinct and action. However, in actuality, the laws of physics dictate everything that will occur from the moment the baseball leaves the pitcher’s hand. Even the very familiar equipment o...
Physics is involved in everyday life and can be an essential explanation for how things work. Being a lacrosse goalie involves physics concepts and proves how they apply to every movement that is made on the field. To better understand the physics of a goalie, you must understand how Newton’s Three Laws of Motion work; Inertia, force equals mass times acceleration, and equal and opposite forces, as well as another law torque and leverage.
Systems approach is based on the fundamental principle that all aspects of a human problem should be treated together in a rational manner (Healy, 2005). I have divided this essay into relevant sections that cover an overview of systems ideas, general systems theory and ecological systems theory. This assignment will also include Germain and Gittermans life model, and it will be related back to the case study that has been provided. Limitations of systems theory will also be discussed.
Kinematics unlike Newton’s three laws is the study of the motion of objects. The “Kinematic Equations” all have four variables.These equations can help us understand and predict an object’s motion. The four equations use the following variables; displacement of the object, the time the object was moving, the acceleration of the object, the initial velocity of the object and the final velocity of the object. While Newton’s three laws have co-operated to help create and improve the study of
The 360-degree feedback system can be very delicate in nature. A person not well ready for it could be thrown out of balance. It can also generate some new problem in an organisation. It not designed and conducted well, it posses the potential danger of a candidate developing wrong perceptions or notions about one or more of his auditor and creating new perspective towards them. It is therefore, unavoidable and significant to handle the process well and make it foolproof. The first important step is to examine whether the organisation is ready for it or not. The second important step is to examine if the candidate is ready for it. For the purpose of systematic analysis and examination of the problem at hand, the studies by the several researchers have been reviewed. Baron, (2009) examines that managers who received upward feedback about their supervisory behaviour significantly improved their behaviour and improves the subordinate ratings of managerial performance. Similarly, Baron, (2009) found that employees were favourably disposed toward associate rating. The feedback is positively related with fulfilment with prior peer ratings and negatively associated with perceived friendship bias and years of company experience. Subordinates’ ratings of leadership were significantly higher following feedback from subordinates under which a highly structured session is there where leaders discussed the feedback results with subordinates (Baron, 2009).
Passing is perhaps one of the most important components of the sport. A game would be impossible without the assistance of passing and team work. To successfully carryout a pass, many factors have to be taken into account. In order to begin a pass, first a player must exert a force on the basketball. Once the ball leaves the hands of the player, it becomes a projectile. A projectile is acted upon by two independent forces: the x and y components. The x component is the force exerted on the ball by the player while the y component is pulled by the force of gravity, -9.8m/s². As a result of the independent components, the ball will travel in a downward parabolic path, or trajectory. Since the ball travels a downward path, the player throws the ball towards a target located a little higher than where the player wishes the ball would go in order to compensate for the downward path. Another factor that affects the successfulnes...
...to play. The ball steadily slows down until it is fielded because of the inertia. If the ball is hot in the air but bounces on the ground before the person fields it, then they would have to be sure to watch and calculate the projectile motion and how the ball spins on the ground. To be a good fielder, one has to be consciously aware of how the ball will move and to what direction it will be coming off the bat. They need to be able to calculate the speed the ball is coming and if it is going to bounce or curve.
The report highlight’s the essential aspects of the control process. In terms of concurrent feedback as well as feed forward, that companies can use to implement so that they can have better outcomes in terms of efficiency of the business. Consequently the report underlines as well as emphasizes of the many contributing factors of these controls. The authors have contrasting views on the control models of an organization, they believe that in order to create an effective control process, and organization first needs to determine its strategic plans for instance in terms of what it is and where is it going.
This report examines the Control Process applied by different companies, they use the control process to make sure that, the whole departments are working as better they can, the control process improve better benefits to the company, work place, employees, customer and directors. The control process is to maximizing productivity and minimizing costs to achieve their goals. The finding in this report is based on books and Internet sources. This report recommends that, the control process is the process to achieve the goals and also to planning the future.