Bandwidth
Typically the bandwidth of an antenna is described as the range of frequency within which the performance of the antenna conforms to a specific standard.
For Broadband or wideband antennas, the bandwidth is usually expressed as the upper-to-lower frequency of the satisfactory operation. [6]
〖BW〗_WB=f_H:f_L
For narrow band antennas, the bandwidth is described as the percentage of frequency difference between upper and lower band over the centre frequency of the bandwidth.
〖BW〗_NB=(〖(f〗_H-f_L))/f_C
Input impedance
Input impedance is referred as the impedance presented by an antenna at its terminals [*] or ration of the voltage to current at the input of the antenna. In this project, we are interested in the impedance at the input
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Horn antennas have a directional radiation pattern with a high antenna gain. Horn antennas have a wide impedance bandwidth, implying that the input impedance is slowly varying over a wide frequency range (which also implies low values for VSWR). The bandwidth for practical horn antennas can be on the order of 20:1, with a common 10:1 bandwidth. As the frequency of operation increases, the gain of horn antennas increases and the beamwidth decreases. Horn antennas have very little loss, thus the directivity of a horn is roughly equal to its …show more content…
The SIW technology has also overcome the bulky nature of RWG that prohibited substrate integration where it is now possible to integrate all components onto a single substrate, including passive components like filters and couplers, active components like oscillators and amplifiers and even antennas [24-29]. In addition, SIW offers light weight, low profile and low loss. All these merits of the SIW allow the design of efficient microwave circuits and antennas to be low cost and easy to fabricate.
[24] Z.-C. Hao,W. Hong, J.-X. Chen, X.-P. Chen, and K.Wu, “Compact super-wide bandpass substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) filters,” IEEE Trans.Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 53, no. 9, pp. 2968–2977, Sept. 2005.
[25] X. Chen, W. Hong, T. Cui, J. Chen, and K. Wu, “Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) linear phase filter,” IEEEMicrow.Wireless Components Lett., vol. 15, no. 11, pp. 787–789,
Nov. 2005.
[26] W. Feng,W. Che, and K. Deng, “Compact PlanarMagic-T Using E-Plane Substrate IntegratedWaveguide (SIW) Power Divider and Slotline Transition,” IEEEMicrow.Wireless
Components Lett., vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 331–333, June 2010.
[27] F. Giuppi, A. Georgiadis, A. Collado, M. Bozzi, and L. Perregrini, “Tunable SIW
According to Canadian Mental Health Association, approximately 8% of adults will experience major depression at some point in their life. Depression is an illness which not only effects a person emotionally, it also effects a person physically. Different cultures view depression different ways. The film ‘The Split Horn’ produced by Taggart Sigel and Jim McSilver, tells the tale of Chai Thao, a Hmong girl living in Wisconsin. Her and her family have encountered depression, but the way they go about it is quite different from the way the Western World would. The Hmong view of health is a more holistic/ spiritual view while the western world views health through a biomedical point of view. In Hmong culture, depression is a very cultural journey. The Shaman is involved, the persons family and the person who is effected. In Western culture, depression usually does not involve a religious leader, is a more emotional thing. Western Culture also is not
The advanced technology that XM Radio uses is a big change from the old fashioned ways that FM and AM radio are broadcasted. XM Radio uses satellites in order to broadcast across the entire country with a clear signal. “XM satellites’ fixed orbits ensure a focused and consistent signal” (“Satellites” 2002). If the satellites need to be moved for any reason, no problems will occur with the broadcasting and ensures that the signals will not be lost (“Satellites” 2002). The ways in which were they were manufactured plays a big role in the quality of the signals that are sent to Earth. “The satellites were built by Boeing Satellite Systems, which is the world’s leading commercial manufacturer of satellites” (“Satellites” 2002). This was a smart decision by the makers of XM Radio because Boeing is such a well-respected company that it will ensure the confidence of needed consumers.
Performance, or ability of the client to develop communication skills and maintain cognitive processing capacity.
In interval scale of measurement the distances or interval between the categories are to be compared.
Traditional AM/FM Radio. Sirius’s competition also includes traditional AM/FM radio. Unlike SIRIUS radio, traditional AM/FM radio has had a well established market for its services for many years and generally offers free broadcast reception paid for by commercial advertising rather than by a subscription fee. Also, many radio stations offer information programming of a local nature, such as local news and sports, which Sirius does not offer as effectively as local radio. Some radio stations also have begun reducing the number of commercials per hour, expanding the range of music played on the air and experimenting with new formats in order to compete more directly with satellite radio services.
high bandwidth (100-200 Mb/s) independant channels or busses can be supported on a single optical fiber. Furthermore multiple buses can co-exist on a single
Souchack, S.M. , Lustrac, A. , Huynen, I. , Talhi, R. Properties of Metallic Photonic Band Gap Prism at microwave frequencies: calculation and experimental verification. Retrieved from Angel
Basic Mathematics for Electronics seventh edition: Nelson M. Cooke, Herbert F.R Adams, Peter B. Dell, T. Adair Moore; Copyright 1960
In similarly, with wavelet analysis, the scale is related to the frequency of the signal.
Since we want to manufacture an mm range engine we want special materials which can sustain MEMS machining techniques. So PDMS, SU-8, Glass, Silicon are viable choices. So we select PDMS as our primary material.
* A telescope typically requires the collecting area to be aligned within 1/10 of the wavelength it is designed for. Because it is almost impossible to get all the parts of a sufficiently large telescope aligned to within 80 nm, radio telescopes *can* be built much larger.
By transmitting signals at 2.4 or 5 GHz, it allows the waves to transmit more data at a faster rate. Typical Wi-Fi standards are 802.11a, b, g, n, or ac and they can switch up the frequency depending on the model (Brain). Families can create their own wireless network that can be shared between family members without the use of hooking all their devices up to the modem, and can also protect their home network from potential hackers with the use of a TKIP or AES encryption. Businesses can also create a “hotspot” which is an area that has wireless networks for free or at a set fee. This is extremely convenient for commuters that need internet access while they are at work, waiting on a plane, or just sitting at a coffee spot without the need for wires (Cox).
FM is since the frequency is varied, station takes up more room on the band.
Radio broadcasting was introduced to the public in the early 1920s (Potter 226). There was only one type of broadcast protocol in the 1920’s and 30’s being AM radio(The Early Years). In 1921 there were only five AM radio stations, and only about 1% of all households in this country had a receiver (Potter 226). A receiver was basically another name for a radio because at this time radios were very expensive and there were not enough radio stations to make the system work. However, in 1923 there were over 500 stations to pop up which in turn led to increased sales of receivers to the general public (Potter 226). With the popping up of more radio stations the more receivers were being bought which meant that many people in the public were tuning into these various radio stations for information and entertainment. Radio was on the rise and it seemed that there was nothing slowing it down.
Radio is one of the easiest and cheapest media sources. The giant advantage of radio as a part of globalization process is that it can be understood by even illiterate people and can be served to a larger number of people. Moreover it is accessible to the people who l...