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Research project on how does botox work essay
Botox injections research paper
Botox injections research paper
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Botulinum toxin is one of the most lethal substances known that could destroy the human race. Despite being so lethal scientists diluted this toxin and are using it as a treatment for excess muscle contraction, spasms, crossed eyes, facial muscles or vocal cords, muscle stiffness in people with upper limb spasticity and many other illnesses. Hence, one important factor about botulism toxin is that providers must use the proper amount and right dosage. In 1989 the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) approved the diluted solution toxin now known as “Botox” for treating blaspharospasm (eyelid spasms) and crossing of the eyes. Another important discovery was made by a Canadian Ophthalmologist Jean Carruthers; while treating her patients with the botulinum toxin for eye conditions she noticed that at the same time their patients wrinkles had also subsided. In addition, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) are doing research on how to use Botox in fighting obesity. On the other hand, the treatments that providers use for adults are different than the ones used for infants.
“Botulinum neurotoxins are the most lethal poisonous known to mankind” (Mader 269). “Less than a microgram (mg) of the principal toxin can kill an average size person, and 4 kilograms (kg) (8.8 pounds) would be enough to kill all humans on Earth”(Mader 269). Due to the hard work of many scientists a considerable amount of this toxin is being used for the benefit for some people.
This lethal toxin was discovered by a German Scientist, Justinus Kerner in 1820. A few decades later Emile Pierre van Ermengem a Belgian researcher identified the specific bacterium responsible for the production of the botulinum toxin. More importantly, in the 1...
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...r cosmetic reasons because, the providers use too much botox and patients were not satisfied with the results. Overall there are more patients that are satisfied with botox treatment than patients who are not satisfied.
The discovery of Clostridium lestulinum known as Botulinum toxin or (Botox) has been a great solution in the field of science. Ponce de Leon was looking for the fountain of youth all over the world and scientists found it in a bacteria. Even though this bacteria is so lethal, as humans we must realize that it has more positive results than negative. Botulium could be the star gate of human kind because, in the future this toxic could cure all illnesses and keep humans young for hundreds of years. One must understand that this toxin has been helpful for people with cross eyes, wrinkles and many other illnesses to live a healthy and happier life.
In this lab project, the microbiology students were given 2 unknown bacteria in a mixed broth each broth being numbered. The goal of this project is to determine the species of bacteria in the broth. They had to separate and isolate the bacteria from the mixed broth and ran numerous tests to identify the unknown bacteria. The significance of identifying an unknown bacteria is in a clinical setting. Determining the exact bacteria in order to prescribe the right treatment for the patient. This project is significant for a microbiology students because it gives necessary skills to them for future careers relating to clinical and research work.
The purpose of this laboratory is to learn about cultural, morphological, and biochemical characteristics that are used in identifying bacterial isolates. Besides identifying the unknown culture, students also gain an understanding of the process of identification and the techniques and theory behind the process. Experiments such as gram stain, negative stain, endospore and other important tests in identifying unknown bacteria are performed. Various chemical tests were done and the results were carefully determined to identify the unknown bacteria. First session of lab started of by the selection of an unknown bacterium then inoculations of 2 tryptic soy gar (TSA) slants, 1 nutrient broth (TSB), 1 nutrient gelatin deep, 1 motility
This last process is significant not only because it brought dioxin the current notoriety but it also is a chemical process used to make products that were used and are still been used in many applications. These applications include pesticide, herbicide, defoliating agent such as Agent Orange, cleaning agent and electrical insulation. Consequently, human exposure to dioxin is not a recent phenomenon and the dangers of dioxin are not unknown. Only in recent years, especially after the Vietnam War, has the media concentrated on the dangers and impact of dioxin.
On the other hand, cosmetic Botox treatments are elective procedures and hence not covered by insurance plans. Even if this is the case, it is worth contacting your insurance policy provider for confirmation. Allergan, who are the makers of Botox offer reimbursement options to their esteemed
As stated in Chan-Tack and Bartlett’s article Botulism, “The incidence of foodborne botulism is approximately 24 cases per year. The incidence of wound botulism is 3 cases per year. The incidence of infant botulism is 71 cases per year, with a mean age of 3 months.” (2010). In addition, in merely fifteen percent of the Clostridium botulinium outbreaks are the toxin type undetermined. The first case descriptions of botulism were reported by Dr. Justinus Kerner, a German physician, in 1822. He had conducted experiments on himself and laboratory animals, which gave him this case findings (Taillac, & Kim, 2010).
The low down on the Botox firm up. (2002, October). Today’s science. Retrieved from http://tsof.infobaselearning.com/recordurl.aspx?wid=97060&ID=19082
Biology, chemistry and physiology have many variations that makes the experiments performed in creatures inaccurate to humans (Barnard). Because of this, flawed findings human live have been lost or put at risk. For example, a medicine called Thalidomide for “pregnant women suffering from morning sickness” was first tested on animals and was declared safe for human use (Park 16). In ten years after the released of this medicine about ten-thousand birth defects we...
In 1981 United States Secretary of State Alexander Haig openly accused the Soviet Union of supplying this toxin to Communists found in Vietnam and or Laos. The Soviet Union denied these allegations. Secretary Haig had physical evidence from several places in Southeast Asia analyzed and reviled the possibility of three different mycotoxins. (Jonathan B. Tucker) So which do you believe it is a T-2 mycotxin or bee dung? This is still a mystery that remains even today whether it’s because the government doesn’t want to expose the truth, plausibly because it had its hands in part of this conspiracy or because of the value of revenue coming from the countries in question. It leaves it open to suggestion when the government classifies most of the documentation as Secret or higher to allude information from the public.
Some strains of this microorganism produce C. perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), a group of toxins that cause a variety of adverse effects in the host. Strains of C. perfringens are classified as 5 biotypes, A – E, depending on the production of four major enterotoxins (α, β, ε and ι). In addition, strains of C. perfringens may also produce a number of other toxins including neuraminidase, hyaluronidase, and collagenase. For example, α-toxin, produced by C. perfringens type A, is primarily responsible for the production of gas gangrene. However, only roughly 5% of C. perfringens carry the CPE gene that codes for the production of these toxins. CPE is inactivated at 74oC.
Over a long period of time, scientists have wondered how the dosage of Tetrododoxin was perfected as the lethality of this toxin was
Hapalochlaena maculosa, commonly known as the blue-ringed octopus, is a golf ball-sized cephalopod inhabiting the waters around Tasmania and southeastern Australia with a highly potent neurotoxin that it uses as a predatory and defensive mechanism. H. maculosa does not actually synthesize its venom, but rather, the neurotoxin (known as maculotoxin) is produced by a bacterial symbiont of the octopus that lives in its salivary glands. While not overly aggressive, H. maculosa has been known to bite humans when they disturb the usually reclusive octopus. Tetrodotoxin (TTX), the principle component of maculotoxin, inhibits the nervous system by binding to sodium channels on nerve cells to prevent the flow of sodium and release of neurotransmitters. Recent findings have shown that there are sodium channel variants that are either immune or resistant to tetrodotoxin. In most humans, however, victims of the blue-ringed octopus’s neurotoxin will enter into increasingly dangerous stages of paralysis, which will often end in death of the victim without medical assistance. Sustained medical care for the duration of the toxin’s effects will improve the likelihood of a victim’s survival, but mortality rates are still staggeringly high despite current medical efforts and attempts to find an antidote.
Among hospitalized patients around the world, Clostridium difficile is the primary source of infectious diarrhea. Previously, continuously unbalanced intestinal microbiota, usually due to antimicrobials, was deemed a precondition of developing the infection. However, recently, there have been alterations in the biology from virtually infecting the elderly population exclusively, wherein the microbiota in their guts have been interrupted by antimicrobials, to currently infecting individuals within of all age groups displaying no recent antimicrobial use. Furthermore, recent reports have confirmed critical occurrences among groups previously assumed to be of minimal risk—pregnant women, children, and individuals with no previous exposure to antimicrobials, for instance. Unfortunately, this Gram-positive, toxin-producing anaerobic bacterium is estimated to cost US critical care facilities $800 million per year at present, suggesting the need for effective measures to eliminate this nosocomial infection (Yakob, Riley, Paterson, & Clements, 2013).
One of the leading reasons as to why cosmetic surgery should be banned is because of some serious, and neglected, risks that patients may encounter when put under the knife. To be more precise, a procedure that one may see to be harmless and basic may carry out just as many negative affects as a serious one. In “Clinical Risk,” Mercer (2009) states, "All cosmetic treatments are medical interventions, and every medical intervention has a complication and failure rate”. The paraffin being injected in the faces of people who get Botox done, for instance, may overtime spread into unwanted places that would cause the sagging of the face, contrary to the whole purpose of this procedure. Sometimes the negative effects are not seen immediately, but over the course of life become more apparent. When one has a more serious surgery the risks obviously boost drastically. A vast amount of blood loss is also a major threat in such operations. One may simply die of excessive bleeding even after the surgery is done, meaning that you are not only in danger when under the knife, but even when you are finished from the procedure (whether it be a success or not). Moreover, statistics prove that most people that even though a high number of people get surgery done, a higher percentage get a second one of those same surgical operations done later on due to not being satisfied with the results the first time around. It is this factor that aids and results in the unhealthy obsession.
While Botox is incredibly safe in the hands of skilled physician, it is still part of the cosmetic surgery world and, as such, should be treated with the same respect as you would give any other life-altering procedure. Botox is not something that you want done at a "party" or other special event, you want to use the same set of skills to choose a Botox provider as you would for Fraxel laser treatments, breast augmentation, liposuction, or a tummy tuck. Choosing a plastic or cosmetic surgeon who is certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery (ABPS) ensures that you receive the finest care from a physician who has years of training and experience in surgery, reconstruction, and cosmetic procedures. In fact, an ABPS certified physician must have a minimum of five years of progressive clinical surgery experience and be able to qualify for American Board of Surgery certification before they even begin their plastic surgery residency. These doctors must keep current on all of the latest technologies through continuing medical education and training, and they follow a very strict code of
Bacterial cells, like plant cells, are surrounded by a cell wall. However, bacterial cell walls are made up of polysaccharide chains linked to amino acids, while plant cell walls are made up of cellulose, which contains no amino acids. Many bacteria secrete a slimy capsule around the outside of the cell wall. The capsule provides additional protection for the cell. Many of the bacteria that cause diseases in animals are surrounded by a capsule. The capsule prevents the white blood cells and antibodies from destroying the invading bacterium. Inside the capsule and the cell wall is the cell membrane. In aerobic bacteria, the reactions of cellular respiration take place on fingerlike infoldings of the cell membrane. Ribosomes are scattered throughout the cytoplasm, and the DNA is generally found in the center of the cell. Many bacilli and spirilla have flagella, which are used for locomotion in water. A few types of bacteria that lack flagella move by gliding on a surface. However, the mechanism of this gliding motion is unknown. Most bacteria are aerobic, they require free oxygen to carry on cellular respiration. Some bacteria, called facultatibe anaerobes can live in either the presence or absence of free oxygen. They obtain energy either by aerobic respiration when oxygen is present or by fermentation when oxygen is absent. Still other bacteria cannot live in the presence of oxygen. These are called obligate anaerobes. Such bacteria obtain energy only fermentation. Through fermentation, different groups of bacteria produce a wide variety of organic compounds. Besides ethyl alcohol and lactic acid, bacterial fermentation can produce acetic acid, acetone, butyl alcohol, glycol, butyric acid, propionic acid, and methane, the main component of natural gas. Most bacteria are heterotrophic bacteria are either saprophytes or parasites. Saprophytes feed on the remains of dead plants and animals, and ordinarily do not cause disease. They release digestive enzymes onto the organic matter. The enzymes breakdown the large food molecules into smaller molecules, which are absorbed by the bacterial cells. Parasites live on or in living organisms, and may cause disease. A few types of bacteria are Autotrophic, they can synthesize the organic nutrients they require from inorganic substances. Autotrophic bacteria are either photosynthetic or Chemosynthetic. The photosynthetic bacteria contain chlorophyll that are different from the plant chlorophyll. In bacterial photosynthesis, hydrogen is obtained by the splitting of compounds other than water.