Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection that affects the lungs caused by an acid-fast bacillus M. tuberculosis (McCance, Huether, Brashers, & Rote, 2010, p. 1293). It is also considered as the leading cause of death from a curable infectious disease worldwide. It is highly contagious and the mode of transmission is by airborne droplets. A person can be exposed to the infection but not develop the illness, which is called latent TB infection. Unless the person is immunocompromised, some people remain asymptomatic until the disease is advanced. Signs and symptoms of TB includes fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, anorexia, and low grade fever that occurs in the afternoon. Diagnosis of the disease can be made through positive tuberculin skin test, sputum culture, immunoassays, and chest radiographs.
As part of the screening for exposure to TB, the healthcare provider can ask the patient if he or she has traveled outside the country, especially the countries where TB disease is common (Latin America countries, the Caribbean, Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Russia). In addition, TB screening should be initiated if the patient demonstrate symptoms resembling TB infection, such as fever, night sweats, cough, and weight loss. Furthermore, inquire if the patient has spent some time in prison
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References
McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., & Rote, N. S. (2010). Pathophysiology the biologic basis for disease in adults and children (6th ed.). Maryland Heights, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier.
Treatment for latent TB infection. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/tb/topic/treatment/default.htm
Zwerling, A., Van den Hof, S., Scholten, J., Menzies, D., & Pai, M. (2012). Interferon-gamma release assays for tuberculosis screening of healthcare workers: a systematic review. Thorax, 67, 62-70.
ED. Mayo Clinic Staff -. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 05 Jan 2012. Web. The Web.
Following the proper guidelines for reducing the risk of transmission of TSEs in a clinical setting, the risk has been greatly reduced. As mentioned before no iatrogenic transmission from a medical instrument has been recorded since 1976 since following the standard guidelines. In an experiment by Amin et al., they examined the risk of transmission of vCJD via contact tonometry. They outlined that transmission could be further reduced by using larger volumes of washes for extended periods of time and also adding wiping between washes (16). This could help in the future to completely eradicate TSE transmission completely by increasing sterilisation methods. Proper training on all aspects of transmission of TSEs through medical equipment and proper sterilisation methods should be updated just to keep staff up to date to prevent the risks of TSEs transmission.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Infectious Disease – The Never-ending Threat). It is acquired by inhalation and is spreadable. The City of Toronto in accordance with Toronto Public Health have in place different specialty teams in regards to Tuberculosis (TB) who work together to provide support for individuals with TB as well as their families and to help prevent the spread of TB in Toronto (City of Toronto). Specifically, Toronto Public Health has a designated homeless and corrections team who manage TB disease and infection within the homeless/under-housed and corrections populations. Within this program, they use many environmental guidelines to access and diminish in the
Tuberculosis or TB is an airborn infection caused by inhaled droplets that contain mycobacterium tuberculosis. When infected, the body will initiate a cell-mediated hypersensitivity response which leads to formation of lesion or cavity and positive reaction to tuberculin skin test (Kaufman, 2011). People who have been infected with mycobacteria will have a positive skin test, but only ones who have active TB will show signs and symtoms. Basic signs and symptoms include low grade fever, cough with hemoptysis, and tachypnea. They may also show pleuristic chest pain, dyspnea, progressive weight loss, fatigue and malaise (Porth, 2011).
Huether, S.E. & McCance, K.L. (2008). Understanding pathophysiology (4th ed.). St. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier
TB is a disease that can cause a serious illness and can damage a person's
My hypothesis on Tuberculosis is that it is a very deadly disease that causes a persons lungs to fill with blood. This can harm the body by making the body suffocate itself when the lungs fill with blood.
Page-Reeves, J., Niforatos, J., Mishra, S., Regino, L., Gingrich, A., & Bulten, J. (2011). Health
Retrieved August 20, 2010 from http://www.kff.org/healthreform/7920.cfm
U.S. National Library of Medicine, 26 Sept. 2011. Web. The Web. The Web. 19 Nov. 2013.
Tuberculosis is an air-borne disease, hence, it can be passed from an infected person to a healthy individual through coughing, sneezing and other salivary secretions. Tuberculosis is caused by the transfer of Mycobacteriun Tuberculosis (M. Tuberculosis) also known as Tubercle Bacillus, a small particle of 1-5 microns in diameter, due to the small size, when an infected person sneezes or coughs, about 3,000 particles are expelled. M. Tuberculosis responsible for tuberculosis is able to stay in the air for a long period of time (about 6hoursAnother way of acquiring Tuberculosis is by drinking unpasteurized milk, milk straight from cow, although this is not a common mode of transmission, it can be found in rural areas. Ingestion of contaminated cow milk transmits Mycobacterium Bovis, the animal form which is still potent enough to cause tuberculosis in humans. ). Tuberculosis transmission is affected by exposure, socioeconomic status of person, proximity, immune status of uninfected individual (%&&%&? CDC).
JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association. 14 Nov. 2001: 2322. Academic Search Complete. Web.
Tuberculosis is transmitted by inhalation of aerosols containing the tubercle bacilli. The required inoculum size for infection is usually high, but easily occurs with exposure to a patient who is currently infected. The products of dried aerosols, droplet nuclei, are particularly infectious because they remain in the air for an extended time, and upon inhalation easily move to the alveoli. The severe damage related to infection is caused by the reaction of the host. The tuberculosis infection has two phases, primary and secondary.
Ed. David Zieve. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 26 Feb. 2014. Web. The Web.
Active tuberculosis only develops in about 10% of infected persons, remaining dormant in the rest; although the latent infection may later progress to active disease years later, especially in immune-compromised individuals. 9 Infection by MTBC may involve any organ of the body, but clinical presentation is most common in the lungs (pulmonary TB). General symptoms include fever, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue and severe cough with bloody sputum (hemoptysis) which may lead to death if untreated. 10 Mortality rates without treatment are high: in a study of natural history of TB in HIV-negative patients, 70% died within 10 years. 11 Tuberculosis remains a major health problem in the world...