Review of Literature
I. Introduction: What is a black hole?
A black hole could be referred to as the cold remnants of earlier stars. To be more exact it is a region of space having a gravitational field. This field is so intense that no radiation or matter could escape its force. Not even light can escape a black hole and the speed of light is approximately 299,792,458 meters per second. A black hole is also very dense.
The idea of a black hole was formed in 1783 by John Mitchell (1724-1793). He created the idea while thinking of a hypothetical method to figure out a star’s mass. Mitchell thought that by measuring the speed of light he could find the mass of a star, but he was wrong. In 1905, Albert Einstein (1879-1955) made the theory that no matter what the strength of gravity is, the speed of light will always be a constant speed. Einstein published his theory of gravity in 1916, which is when the idea of black holes were rediscovered. Karl Schwarzschild (1873-1916) envisioned a black hole as a concentrated mass that was centered in a spherical volume of warped space when he answered Einstein’s equations for a black hole. Later on, along with others, Robert Oppenheimer (1904-1967) came up with the idea that a black hole could have been formed by the collapse of a massive star. The name “black hole” was conceived in 1968 by John Wheeler (1911-2008) a Princeton physicist. Wheeler then made further details to a black hole’s properties.
A black hole has an event horizon. Event horizon, by definition is a boundary around a black hole beyond which no light or other radiation can escape; a point of no return (www.dictionary.com). A Schwarzschild radius is the radius of the boundary of...
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...t rotate it would collapse inward, like a star before a supernovae, and fall into the supermassive black hole. The Milky Way galaxy is approximately rotating at a speed of 270 kilometers per second. It take the sun about 220 million years to make a complete orbit around a galaxy. The sun and the planets have only rotated around the center of the galaxy about 20 times in the past 4.8 billion years. Because of the supermassive black hole helping the galaxies rotate, the black hole also helps give the galaxy its form and shape. Eight million years after the universe was made, supermassive black holes were made. The mass of a supermassive black hole is in relation to the mass of its galaxy’s bulge. Because of this it shows that the evolution and structure of a galaxy is tied to its black hole. If it weren’t for black holes there would be no human existence.
Black holes are thought to be a portal to another dimension or a way for time to slip. Mainly all these theories follow the laws of physics and do not cross any illogical possibilities. For a way in which we can achieve any of these would be through many more years of research. If even physically possible for any of these hypotheses to coexist with one another. Learning that there’s a possible way for black holes to allow time to lapse or elapse. The study has been a challenge, finding ways in which these ideas could work. Theories about space time are not always true, but they allow us to have an improved understanding towards the, what ifs.
Starting with black holes, Khalili describes the creation of one. I found that a black hole is what remains when a massive star dies. Because stars are so massive and made out of gas, there is an intense gravitational field that is always trying to collapse the star. As the star dies, the nuclear fusion reactions stop because the fuel for these reactions gets burned up. At the same time, the star's gravity pulls material inward and compresses the core. As the core compresses, it heats up and eventually creates a supernova explosion in which the material and radiation blasts out into space. What remains is the highly compressed and extremely massive core. The core's gravity is so strong that even light cannot escape. This object is now a black hole and literally cannot be seen because of the absence of light. Because the core's gravity is so strong, the core sinks through the fabric of space-time, creating a hole in space-time. The core becomes the central part of the black hole called the singularity. The opening of the hole is called the event horizon. Khalili describes that there are two different kinds of black holes:
Geologist John Mitchell is credited with first devising the idea of a black hole. He said that if some force could compress the sun down to an small enough size, it would have a gravitational field so strong, that one would need to be going faster than the speed of light to escape it (UTFC). All objects in the universe have what is called a schwarzschild radius. An object’s schwarzschild radius is the radius that an object would have to be compressed into in order to have an escape velocity greater than that of the speed of light, or a black hole. (VSBH). Using the earth as an example, if the entire earth was compressed to the size of a peanut, it would become a black hole (VSBH). Earth would then have a gravitational field so strong that not even light could escape it. However there is no known force that can compress earth down to such a small size.
The origins of the super-massive black holes which concludes how they were formed and what caused them to form is an unsolved problem which is yet a mystery of astrophysics. ( Millis 2014)
The dense core of the star continues to remain bound together by the force of gravity and pressures
Karl Schwarzschild is credited with being the brilliant astronomer who developed the concept of black holes. In 1916, using Einstein's general theory of relativity, he began to make calculations about the gravity fields of stars. He concluded that if a huge mass, such as a star, were to be concentrated down to the size of an infintessimal point, the effects of Einstein's relativity would get really fairly extreme. Schwarzschild doubted that a star could get that small, and theorized that if a star did infact shrink upon itself like that, its gravity would remain the same and the planets revolving around it would remain in the same orbits they always had. Since then however, some of Schwarzschild's theories have been disproved, but most of his initial theories hold intact today. The Schwarzschild Radius, the maximum radius a body with a specific mass can have that won't let light escape, is named in his honor, and the equation of which is still in use today: Rs=2MG/(c^2)
Have you ever watched a sci-fi movie and wondered if some of the subjects on futuristic transport occurring in space could be a possibility? For many years scientists have been discovering new phenomenons in space. In 1916, the first black hole was discovered by Karl Schwarzschild, which wasn't proven until the late 1950’s. A wormhole is a hypothetical connection that you can travel through to get from point A to point B almost instantaneously. Have you ever wondered what might lie on the other side of a black hole? Some scientists have been studying the “holes of space” and have found very surprising results: The black hole, the white hole, and the wormhole. In this paper we will explore wormholes and discuss how black holes and white holes relate.
These black holes that have now been created start to grow. But how do they grow? They start absorbing mass from materials that are close to them. If a material is said to enter a black holes event horizon, a point at which nothing can escape a black hole’s gravity, the object would became absorbed and would be part of the black hole. Most black holes consume large amounts of gas and dust as their primary source of “f...
Black Holes The term black hole was first used in 1969 by the American scientist
Black holes are objects so dense that not even light can escape their gravity, and since nothing can travel faster than light, nothing can escape from inside a black hole. Loosely speaking, a black hole is a region of space that has so much mass concentrated in it that there is no way for a nearby object to escape its gravitational pull. Since our best theory of gravity at the moment is Einstein's general theory of relativity, we have to delve into some results of this theory to understand black holes in detail, by thinking about gravity under fairly simple circumstances.
...evolve around our sun. Our sons’ gravitational force keeps our planets in their revolutions. Now imagine our son was a black hole. The black hole has the same characteristics of a star but you just can’t see it. So when scientists see a star revolving but, cannot see what is causing its evolution; This may be another sign that the star may be revolving around a black hole.
Like the boundaries on earth, mankind has always looked to the sky in awe for it seemed boundless in its ever growing horizon. Out of all the cosmos that’s being found and discovered every day, there is one object that stands to elude scientists still, the black hole. Albert Einstein, and all the brilliant scientists after his, help to design and create a part of the universe that’s very crucial to understanding existence. The perimeters of a black hole have been a great this that has been discussed and observed to the point where it eventually becomes clear as its compared to objects around or like it. The physics of the black holes existence is still unclear for it shows properties that support Einstein’s theory and quantum mechanics, but at the same time breaks them both.
...f gas, which collapsed and broke up into individual stars. The stars are packed together most tightly in the center, or nucleus. Scientists believe it is possible that at the very center there was too much matter to form an ordinary star, or that the stars which did form were so close to each other that they coalesced to form a black hole. It is argued that really massive black holes, equivalent to a hundred million stars like the Sun, could exist at the center of some galaxies
Einstein himself, working at Princeton with Nathan Rosen had discovered that the equations of relativity actually represent a black hole as a bridge between two regions of flat space-time, a phenomenon known as the “Einstein-Rosen Bridge”. Later on, in 1963, the New Zealand mathematician Roy Kerr found that if a black hole is rotating, a singularity still forms, but in the form of a ring, not a point. It was believed that in principle, a particle may be able to fall towards the singularity, but if at some point moved through the hole instead of the ring, the particle may not be lost forever. Therefore, with these theories in mind, a particle falling into a black hole will fall through the ring that the singularity has become, then going through the Einstein-Rosen Bridge, eventually being spewed out of the white hole into another space-time continuum.
Although I was not doing an article on black holes, I decided to watch the following documentary, merely because it was related to the cosmos.