B. F. Laurie's Psychoanalytic Theory

B.F. Skinner studied operant conditioning which reinforces or punishes to either increase or decrease behavior. B.F. Skinner states in the video, B.F. Skinner - Operant Conditioning and Free Will “…there are external reasons why this has happened unawares by discovering the cause in a behavior we can dispose of the imagine internal cause…” (Global ELite). Behavior psychology’s goal is to be able to predict behaviors using an external force. Behaviorist have been shaping human behavior by using strong external forces like classical or operant conditioning. It is through reinforcements and punishments that people learn whether it be intention like a parent punishing their child or unintentional like forgetting an umbrella on a rainy day. Behaviorism rejects the concept of internal forces working on a individual in decision making. So the person who choose the ice-cream over the orange, choose the ice-cream not because of internal force but because in the past they have gotten more of a positive reinforcement from eating ice-cream than eating an orange. Since people can’t control the external stimuli that they are exposed to then they don’t have control over the experience in which they base their decision. People’s thinking and behaviors are an effect predetermined causes and not something that can be

B.F Skinner developed operant conditioning. It’s the theory that one’s behavior is influenced by the actions that follow afterward. If the actions that follow afterward are consequences, then the behavior according to the theory will fade away. If the actions afterward is a positive action like a reward the behavior will continue on.

...of reinforcement schedules, behavior is modified. Whether it is obvious to the eye or not, operant conditioning is used on a daily basis all around the world. Because his theory has been successful for succeeding generations, B.F. Skinner has been noted as the "Father of Operant Conditioning" and one of the most influential psychologists of all time. If it were not for the other great psychologists before him like John B. Watson, Jerzy Konorski and Edward Thorndike, the development and practice of B.F. Skinner’s operant conditioning would not have been possible.

Long regarded as the father of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) lives on today as an incredibly influential and powerful figure in the applied discipline of psychology. For Freud, it was his intense study of dialogue and interplay of involuntary human communication that ultimately led to his conclusions concerning the human unconscious. In contemporary studies, these conclusions have evolved into many of the distinguished, and more importantly controversial theories we associate with his name: the Oedipus complex; castration anxiety; penis envy; repetition compulsion; repression; etc. Much of the contention surrounding Freud is grounded in the belief that his works instituted notions that cannot be proven scientifically, such as personality development in infantile stages; sexuality in unconscious desire; and the unconscious drives behind human mannerism. Yet, despite the fact that many of Freud’s theories have not withstood the test of scientific scrutiny, few can argue against the fact that Freudianism is still impactful and has permeated other branches of modern theory. To prove this point, we can bring to attention the names of two modern theorists that have not only built upon Freud’s ideas in their work, but have consequently expanded his influence into other realms of literature, and other spheres of study. Harold Bloom (1930 – present) and Jacques Lacan (1901-1981) are only two notable thinkers that extend Freud’s ideas and have gained far-reaching influence in intellectual life. In response to this revival however, new opponents of Freud have found the opportunity to retaliate with their concerns and arguments. Nevertheless, the presentation of human identity and unconscious by Freud’s opponents and successors c...

In the study of shaping behaviors, Skinner’s idea of operant conditioning makes incredible insights into explaining a wide variety of behavior. According to him surrounding environment where a person grows up influences to shape behaviors (McLeod, 2015, para. 4). It

(Biography.com, 2014) Skinner believed that the best way to understand behaviours was through looking at the causes and consequences. He called this approach Operant Conditioning. (McLeod, 2014) Skinner identified three types of responses or operant that can follow responses. The first one being neutral operant 's, whereby the response from the environment will have no affect on the probability of the behaviour being repeated. Second type he says is reinforcer’s, whereby the response from the environment can affect the probability of the behaviour being repeated depending on the reinforcement being a positive or negative one, through this behaviours can be learned or unlearned. Third type Skinner mentioned was responses from the environment that decrease the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated, therefore punishment is weakening the

B.F. Skinner, the prominent psychologist, believed that behavior could fully understood in terms of environmental cues and results. ((Driscoll, M. P. (2005). Psychology of Learning for Instruction. (3rd ed., p. 65). Boston: Pearson.). He viewed behavior as being one of two types, respondent and operant whereas respondent was involuntary and operant was not. Ms. Stanton tried to get her student to follow a set procedure by utilizing this view. Ms. Stanton’s approach to the problem was to weaken the operant behavior. She chose to do this by removing a conditioned reinforcer to exact a fine contingent upon the response she was trying eliminate. Decisions were made in hopes that the response cost would be enough for Jefferson want to avoid the operant behavior. She used punishment as well as a pseudo-token economy to help him control his behavior.

Skinners theory for operant conditioning has been created upon the idea that learning is a purposeful change in obvious behavior. The diverse types of operant conditioning are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, and becoming extinguished. Positive reinforcement happens when a behavior is revealed, and the outcome becomes more common to future actions. An example of this type of behavior is when feeding time comes around for my dog, Grimm; he has learned to sit when I raise my hand in order to receive his food. This behavior has been learned through positive reinforcement in order to receive what he is wanting in the end. As for negative reinforcement behavior becomes stronger as a result of removing, avoiding, or stopping a negative outcome. My daughter tends to whine when a certain food she dislikes is on her plate at meal times. Note: She is fine before she realizes the food she dislikes is placed in front of her. Her whining then causes me to remove this food she does not like; therefore the whining is being negatively reinforced by the removal of the food which is an example of

Skinner explained that behaviour can be understood by analysing the effect of environment. Operant conditioning developed by Skinner is the term that he used to describe the effects of the consequences of a particular behaviour on the future occurrence of that behaviour. According to him voluntary behaviour is either weakened or strengthened by the immediate presence of punishment or reinforcement. Undesirable behaviour is minimised through negative reinforcement. (Meyer, 2008, pp. 263-264)

...e scientific study of behavior. One of Skinners greatest contributions was the development of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is the learning process by which a particular action is followed by something desired or by something unwanted. There can be positive and negative reinforcements but not the way we normally associate positive reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement is when a behavior is followed by something desired. Positive reinforcement can be giving a time out or negative reinforcement can be taking away desert. Positive and negative doesn’t mean good or bad it just means taking away or giving when looking at the reinforcement. Learning this way tends to happen after much repetition. Another reason behaviorists hesitate to use the term punishment and reward is because they know that one punishment can be like a reward to another child.

Punishment takes away something a person wants or gives it something it doesn’t want. A punishment that is very common among teachers and parents is called time out from reinforcement. Therefore when a child is engaging in undesirable behavior they are denied access to what they want for a period of time. Although skinner believed that positive reinforcement and punishment are different explaining that it weakens the effect. Similar to reinforcement, punishment can work either by directly applying an unpleasant stimulus like a shock after a response or by removing a potentially rewarding stimulus. There are many problems with using punishment. One problem is punished behavior does not go away it becomes suppressed and returns when punishment is no longer existing. It doesn’t have a good effect because it creates aggression and fear of being abused and unsafe. This is especially a problem in schools with corporal punishment. Therefore punishment only tells you what not to do which skinner had learned early

Skinner believes “the job of science is not just to predict but control the world” (Stevenson, p. 193). He did many experiments on animals to prove his theory. Many critics argued that just because it worked on animals it does not apply to humans, but Skinner used the animals as a symbol for humans. One of his most famous experiments includes the invention of the Skinner box. An example of this is placing an animal into a box and playing a sound and then after hearing the sound they must preform the desired activity to receive a treat and if they do not then they will be given a negative reinforcement. After a period of time when the animal heard the sound they would do the action because that is what they were trained to do. “When the environment is arranged so that reinforcer follows a certain kind of behavior then that behavior will be performed more frequently” (Stevenson, p.199). He applied this to humans to form his theory. If you reward a person for performing a certain behavior, then they will learn

•B.F. Skinner- Skinner was a strong believer in reward and punishment. He believed that if a child does something right, they should be rewarded so they can continue doing the action. If a child does something wrong, they should be punished so it will not happen again. Skinner also created the ‘Skinner Box’ and it was a device used to prove operant conditioning using a rat as the