Audio mining is a branch of speech processing that is used to search and analyze the content of an audio signal automatically. Keyword spotting (KWS) is an important audio mining technique which searches audio signals for finding the occurrences of given keyword within the input spoken utterance. KWS provides a satisfactory audio mining solution for various tasks like spoken document indexing and retrieval. The research in audio mining has received increasing attention due to the increase in amount of audio content in the Internet, telephone call conversation and other sources. KWS is classified according to the type of input speech file and the method used for spotting. A number of approaches have been used in keyword spotting like DTW, HMM, Neural Network, Vector quantization and other approaches. KWS has been utilized in a broad variety of applications. A majority of such applications relate to audio indexing and phone call routing. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of audio mining and keyword spotting. Also various works related to keyword spotting are discussed.
Keywords: audio mining,
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Audio mining searches can be carried out to locate specific words or phrases within the heterogeneous audio files. As a part of audio mining, keyword spotting is used to automatically find the occurrences of keywords of interest in spoken documents. Keyword spotting is also used to get valuable information from huge quantities of speech records. The technology needs only to specify single or multiple instances of keywords to find in the speech corpus. It also locates all audio portions with keyword occurrences. Keyword spotting also provides necessary statistical information for various applications [3]. It is used in the on-line (eg: real-time stream monitoring) and also offline (eg:data mining and indexing)
Nearly a century’s worth of compositions has earned Aaron Copland extensive recognition as the foremost American composer of his time. Ironically, Copland was raised the son of Russian Jewish immigrants and inhabitant of a colorless city environment, yet would become known for producing the music of “rugged-souled Americans” (Mellers 4). Unbounded by historical musical constraints such as those present in the culture of France, where Copland studied for many years, Copland found himself free to explore and experiment in pursuit of a unique, undoubtedly American sound.
Competition Competitive forces are the pressures put on a Business by other organizations which are competing to increase their share of the same market. The main competitors for Richer Sounds are broken into 4 main groups: 1. Large chain stores. E.g. Curry’s, Dixon’s and Comet 2. Small specialist shops 3.
Scenes of breath-taking Austrian landscapes fill the vivid screen. You immediately recognize the mountains, the valleys, and especially, the singing hills. They flourish with memories of sitting in front of the family television and watching re-run after re-run of the movie that never grew old. The movie, if you haven’t already surmised, is The Sound of Music.
Surveillance cameras have evolved and have become more sophisticated over the years. With advanced technology cameras are now equipped with high definition imaging, audio, and even night vision. It is important for law enforcement to be equipped with this advanced technology when it comes to deterring and solving crimes. To explain, high definition cameras provide better image quality which makes it easier to provide officers, citizens, and the media with a distinctive description of the suspect or persons of interest. With this high quality imaging police are able to read words off a newspaper or a book from a light pole twenty feet away; this is a vital aspect that can help law enforcement officials with solving various types of crimes. Next, audio will help catch any verbal exchanges between the suspect and the victim. For example, if a gang affiliated subject was allegedly involved in an altercation with a rival gang member and are standing within a certain radius of the surveillance...
Polyphonic’s primary customers are record companies, producers and singers. This customer base has a common need is for an improved ability to predict how and which songs can become hits.
The history of the modern media surveillance systems begins first with the invention of the computer and the use of software. Before the internet, information was only transported between computers by a physical storage device or an extremely expensive network. Software for media surveillance was only used to scan the media that was available in data form for particular key words. It could then be stored and indexed to be later analyzed. (Sarlós, 1982)
Auditory localization is the ability to recognize the location from which a sound is emanating (Goldstine, 2002). There are many practical reasons for studying auditory localization. For example, previous research states that visual cues are necessary in locating a particular sound (Culling, 2000). However, blind people do not have the luxury of sight to help them locate a sound. Therefore, the ability to locate sound based only on auditory ability is important. It is also important to study different auditory processes. For example, when studying a way for a blind person to maneuver through an environment, it is helpful to know that people can most accurately locate sounds that happen directly in front of them; sounds that are far off, to the side, or behind the head are the least likely to be properly located (Goldstein, 2002).
Spotify is an on-demand music streaming service that provides a two tiered service to its users. The free service allows users to listen to any song on demand within the application’s music catalogue, but with the presence of ads. The premium service, however, is completely ad free. Launched in 2008 in Sweden, Spotify has grown and currently has over 24 million active users. (Sisario, B) As a result of several deals struck with EMI, Sony, Universal, and Warner Music Group, Spotify currently holds a music catalogue of roughly 20 million songs.
An audio engineer is responsible for the operation of the soundboard and other equipment in the recording of music, words, sounds, or any combination of such material. There are several types of engineering positions available in today's studios. In large studios, there are usually several engineers, each with the own duties and contributions. There are recording engineers, recording assistants, set-up engineers, maintenance engineers, and even mix-down engineers in some cases. In smaller studios the engineer is usually responsible for all of these duties. As a rule, the engineer should be able to set-up, use, and fix the equipment they work with.
When it comes to recording in a modern day environment DAW’s (digital audio workstation) are an essential piece of equipment if professional standard results are desired. Although DAW’s are considered a modern technological advancement the first attempt at a DAW was in 1977 and it came from Dr. Tom Stockham’s Soundstream (See references for full description) digital system. It had very powerful editing capabilities and for its time a very advanced crossfader but was still primitive compared to today’s standard. At this moment there are 100’s of DAW’s on the market but arguably there some obvious leaders. Avid’s Pro Tools has been the go to DAW for any professional studio for the past 20 years and although there have been rumors of Avid going out of business and the features in Pro Tools becoming dated, Pro Tools is still a viable option for studios worldwide. Logic Pro has risen to the fore-front of the industry in recent years due to its easy to use interface that is possible of producing professional results. Ableton Live strays away from a hardware instrument music environment to cater for electronic music users. Audio to MIDI is a main focus along with the critically acclaimed Max for Live used for live performances by many current EDM artists. Each individual DAW has its own pros and cons and comparing these can highlight which DAW is the best for what task.
With the added features in smartphones, word prediction can be difficult because it automatically pulls up a word, which is similar to the word previously used. So, the word prediction will give the same wo...
Since the creation of films, their main goal was to appeal to mass audiences. However, once, the viewer looks past the appearance of films, the viewer realizes that the all-important purpose of films is to serve as a bridge connecting countries, cultures, and languages. This is because if you compare any two films that are from a foreign country or spoken in another language, there is the possibility of a connection between the two because of the fact that they have a universally understanding or interpretation. This is true for the French New Wave films; Contempt and Breathless directed by Jean-Luc Godard, and contemporary Indian films; Earth and Water directed by Deepa Mehta. All four films portray an individual’s role in society using sound and editing.
Jurafsky, D. & Martin, J. H. (2009), Speech and Language Processing: International Version: an Introduction to Natural Language Processing, Computational Linguistics, and Speech Recognition, 2nd ed, Pearson Education Inc, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
"Sound in Digital Advertising." Creative Social Blog RSS. N.p., 13 June 2011. Web. 23 Feb. 2014.
Imagine a world without music…can it be done?? Of course not. Music is everywhere, even when we don’t realize it. In fact, there’s a piece by composer John Cage entitled “4:33” validating that such thing. Cage’s composition, or lack there of, puts an emphasis on how even in silence, the beauty of music still shines. His work consists of a pianist sitting beside a piano for four minutes and thirty-three seconds doing absolutely nothing…or so we think. In reality, though, the genuine music is the tiny sounds like the air conditioner, the whispering of people, etc. As outrageous as this might seem to some, I believe it’s genius. Like current day Audio Engineers, or Music Producers, Cage put a lot of thought into his creation prior to writing or producing it. Moreover, I believe Cage’s silent song paved the way for those employed in Audio Engineering now, and for those to come. By becoming an Audio Engineer myself, I too, want to show the world how beautiful music can be.