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Attitudes
What are attitudes? How are they formed, measured and changed? What degree of influence do they exert on behavior? What important effects does prejudice have on attitudes, and how is prejudice caused? These are all questions that are central to the study of social psychology and, by reviewing the findings of psychological research into these areas, this essay will attempt to provide a balanced explanation of the topic.
The fundamental question of what attitudes are cannot be answered easily, as many psychologists offer differing definitions. These range from simply describing them as likes and dislikes, to the definition provided by Tiffin and McCormick, in Attitude and Motivation(1971), where they summarize attitudes as being, “a frame of reference that influences the individual’s views or opinions on various topics and situations, and influences their behavior.” It is widely accepted, however, that attitudes include both beliefs and values. Beliefs, although considered to be based on the knowledge gained about the world around us, can vary greatly in their importance and influence, and therefore ibn their resistence to change. For instance, an individual’s belief in God is highly influential, not only on its own but also in its effect on many other beliefs held by the individual, whereas a belief that eating late at night may cause indigestion is far less central and influential in its effect. Beliefs, both major and minor, form the cognitive component of attitu...
As said earlier, in one study researchers used different conditions to assess the differences in people’s behavior. The two conditions were the prejudice condition and the no prejudice condition. The prejudice condition involved one’s religion being mentioned. The participants were in a casual setting and thought that all the other men in the room were Gentiles and knew they were Jewish. After interacting and the experiment concluded, the men were asked to fill out a mood adjective check list, and rated themselves on positive and negative Jewish stereotypes and self- esteem traits. On the other hand, in the no prejudice condition religion and ethnicity were not mentioned which left the men with attribution to prejudice (Dion & Earn,
The idea of pasteurizing milk bagan in the 1920s, and later became an aspect of everyday life in the 1950s. Milk that has undergone this process is normally prefered since it is sterilized, therefore lowering the chance of human illness. However, it’s not the 1950s anymore, and the idea of pasteurizing milk has lost its luster for the people that now prefer raw milk. Unlike the milk that most Americans consume, raw milk has not been pasteurized, or quickly heated to a high temperature to kill harmful bacteria. In raw milk, these bacterias haven’t been removed, leaving people at risk. E. Coli, salmonella, and listeria are only some of the bacteria that raw milk carries, all of which can cause sickness, or even death. Common affects of consuming raw milk are diarrhea, stomach cramping, and vomiting, but it's the rare ones: kidney failure,paralysis, and death that causes raw milk to be illegal in half of the states and illegal to carry over state lines in its final form. Nevertheless, people still actively seek out and consume raw milk because they believe its nutritional values to be greater. Controversies surround this topic on whether organic food
Formative assessment to inform instruction and guide student learning is being underutilized. Many students are not given feedback that is effective in helping them see where they are in regard to reaching the learning goals or that provides plan for moving them forward to achieve that goal. Students are not always given the opportunity to take an active role in the learning process by regularly assessing themselves and their peers as they work to achieve their learning goals. The purpose of this study is to determine how the use of formative assessment with immediate feedback using student response systems will impact student learning. This study will also investigate the effect that student involvement in self-evaluation has on learning.
mother’s milk. It a practice that has been passed down from generation to generation since the beginning of our existence. It has proven to be an efficient and healthy way to feed newborns. Several research have shown numerous benefits of breastfeeding. For example, when it comes to the comparison of breast milk and formula milk, studies have shown that formula milk can be harder for babies to digest. This is due to the fact that formula milk is created from cows and babies, stomachs have a hard time digesting and adjusting to it. In addition, the overall quality of formula milk lack the critical nutritions such as antibodies, which breast milk provides to help fight of infections and prevent diseases. As a result, the benefits of
Breastfeeding is a highly debated topic amongst mothers across the world. Every mother has the choice to breastfeed or bottle fed their infant. Although everyone is entitled to their own opinion and choice, it is scientifically proven that breast milk is more beneficial for the infant’s health and development and the mother. Breast milk contains extremely beneficial vitamins and nutrients and also has the ability to change according to the infant’s growth and development. Formula companies try to mock breast milk to the best they can, although it cannot be completely composed the same. “Breastfeeding offers immunological and allergy protection to the infant, is economical and convenient as it is always fresh and the right temperature, and provides a great opportunity for the mother and infant to bond” (p. 1052, Potter & Perry, 2011). Research has proven that breast milk is the most
By reading on Greenwald’s studies gave the researcher a base ground to start from and draw hypothesis as to what to look for when starting. While continuing with the study it has includes measures, which were “the measure of attitude toward a group should predict behavior favorable or unfavorable to the group; and measures of stereotype of the group should predict stereotype-consistent judgments or behavior toward member of that group” (Oswald, Mitchell, Blanton, Jaccard, &
In our global economy requiring functional and respectful relationships between nations, prejudice and stereotypes can be a destructive force both in the world and in individual societies, especially in diverse ones.
For my own experience in understanding crime, when I was a kid I use to help out at the Boys and Girls Club in Boston; I also recently just volunteered my time at the Flagstaff Boys and Girls Club. To tie this into crime in a society I looked at the surrounding environment. In Boston I noticed a complete contrast with the environment compared to the Boys and Girls Club in Flagstaff. For the kids in Boston, in the inner city these kids had more family complications, some had no parents, mot were troubled youth. The surrounding settings where these kids lived was crowded by run down buildings; not a child-friendly environment. To look at the functionalist theoretical perspective we can look at broken windows theory and Life Course Theory.
A stereotype is defined as “an often unfair and untrue belief that many people have about [an entire group of] people or things with a particular characteristic” (stereotype, n.d.). While not all stereotypes are necessarily negative, the word “stereotype” itself has a negative connotation that it has earned over the course of human history. Stereotyping has been a mental phenomenon that has intrigued psychologists and others alike for many years. There have been questions to whether or not it is an automatic response or a controlled cognitive belief. More specifically, this study addresses the question if a person’s perception of another person or subject influences the automaticity of stereotyping. This is an important subject because it approaches the issue of whether we as humans can control our immediate, initial thoughts, positive or negative, about a person or thing; which ultimately determines our attitude toward the individual or thing, which effects our behavior.
Milk is the first food of mammals, providing all the necessary nutrients for survival and initial growth until weaning (Velten 10). It is only a small percentage of the world’s population that actually drinks milk. Most people prefer processed dairy products, such as butter, cheese and yogurt. Cow’s milk is probably the most controversial of foods. Its qualities and associated
Psychologist’s definitions of attitudes include assessing problems, persons, or actions. These assessments are regularly affirmative or adverse, and unclear. Humans have established attitudes about such issues, and these attitudes influence his or her beliefs as well as behavior. Because people are largely unaware of his or her implicit attitudes, they can have difficulty changing these attitudes.
Another argument for raising the minimum wage is that it would provide a “living wage”. The problem with this argument is that employers are willing to pay their workers for their production or the perceived value of productivity. Minimum wage jobs were never meant to be careers and in fact are mostly viewed as entry-level jobs. Minimum wage jobs were never meant for professors or doctors. Instead, they are meant to help low-skilled workers gain experience and job
Prejudices and stereotypes are rooted in our culture, tradition and habits and people with unwillingly can manifest signs of discrimination. It does not necessarily mean that the person has negative intension. Sometimes people simply cannot behave differently. Issuing negative judgments about foreign culture and own culture idealization often stem from tradition, and culture. Stereotypes are common in every society, and often unaware they guide our behavior. However, stereotypical views can lead to prejudice, and turn to discrimination or stigmatization.
Breast milk matches a baby’s needs and growth patterns better than any formula substitute. A mother tends to produce just enough milk to fill her baby’s stomach, so she does not need to worry about underfeeding or overfeeding. Furthermore, the milk’s content changes as the ...
For more than 20 years, formative assessment has been highly researched and even accredited as a critical part of a teacher’s pedagogy. In the last decade it (formative assessment has become something of a buzzword and in some cases a mandate in k-12 schools across the country. Formative assessment can be defined as a part of the instructional process intended to gather information and provide feedback for both students and teachers that allow for needed