Gyroscopes mainly defined as the devices or sensors used to measure the angular velocity due to which they are also known as angular rate sensors. Gyroscopes consists of a spinning mass i.e. a disk or wheel, which is mounted on a base to make its axis turn freely in one or more directions and maintain its orientation regardless of any movement of the base. Gyroscopes are used to measure the rotation angles and rates between the axis system of a moving body and a fixed body. Gyroscopes are stabilized by their spin and resultant angular momentum.
The gyroscopes were firstly taken into use in aircrafts around 1916 and thereafter, gyroscopes are used in aircrafts till now. The continues improvements are made on the spinning gyroscopes from that time and in 1960's, laser and optical gyroscopes were introduced for the first time in aviation sector and soon they found great commercial success in the field of aeronautics and military applications. MEMS gyroscopes are introduced to the industry in last 2 decades. MEMS gyroscopes have brought great improvement to the use of gyroscopes in aerospace industry with several advantages over the traditional devices used. [1]
A micro-electromechanical systems, or MEMS gyroscope, are an inertial sensing integrated circuit that measures the angle and rate of rotation in an object or system. Almost all the micro machined gyroscopes use vibrating mechanical elements to sense the rotation as shown below in the figure 1.
Figure1. MEMS gyroscopes
All the MEMS gyroscopes use vibrating mechanical elements (such as proof-mass) to sense rotation. Mems gyroscopes can be easily miniaturized and batch fabricated using micromachining techniques because they have rotating parts that require no bearings. MEM...
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Wrist instruments enable the surgeon to perform tasks such as clamping and stitching as they are designed with seven degrees of motion that mimic the dexterity of the human hand and wrist.
Some of the inventions that were brought about during World War 1 include the Thomas Splint, Vehicle X-Ray Units, and the Brodie Helmet. Vehicle X-Ray Units were invented by Marie Curie in 1914, in France. These were used near the battlefield to check for any broken limbs on soldiers before they were sent to a hospital. These are still used today so any injuries can be spotted as soon as possible.(www.ethw.org) The Thomas Splint was originally invented in
An oscilloscope is a laboratory instrument that commonly used to display and analyze the waveform of electronic signals. This device draws a graph of signal voltage as a function of time. Oscilloscope usually have two-dimensional graph which electrical potential differences represent by Y-axis (vertical) and time represent by X-axis (horizontal). With positive values going upward and negative values going downward (Ask.com, 2014). In any oscilloscope, the horizontal sweep is measured in seconds per division (s/div), milliseconds per division (ms/div), microseconds per division (s/div), or nanoseconds per division (ns/div). The vertical deflection is measured in volts per division (V/div), millivolts per division (mV/div), or microvolts per division (µV/div).
A change in resistance is observed by changing the current (or voltage), keeping the voltage (or current) constant. Each taxel contains a pressure sensitive crystal in the form of conductive rubber, elastomer or conductive ink. Measuring change in resistance requires a simple circuitry and hence, these are simpler to manufacture. Applied for touch sensing in anthropomorphic hands (Weiss & Worn 2004), piezoresistive tactile sensing, has become popular among the MEMS and silicon type tactile sensors (Woffenbuttel & Regtien 1991; Beebe, Hsieh et al.
The invention of the GPS started with Dr. Ivan Getting leaving his position at Raytheon Company, and armed with the knowledge of what was at the time the most advanced navigational technology in the world, they began developing the Global Positioning System. He, Roger L. Easton, and Bradford Parkison began in the 60’s with a constellation of 24 satellites (placed in six orbital planes) orbiting the earth at a very high altitude (about
were that if you did not support him, then you should not live. So it ended up
This makes use of the control software using a Webcam and some distances and presence sensors controlled by a PIC microcontroller that establishes the communication with the logic circuit with the help of a program. A MEMS accelerometer is used here (it is an apparatus, either mechanical or electromechanical, for measuring acceleration or deceleration - that is, the rate of increase or decrease in the velocity of a moving object acceleration or one of its derivative properties such as vibration, shock, or tilt).
A Piezo-electric substance is one that produces an electric charge when a mechanical stress is applied. In a Piezo-electric accelerometer a mass is attached to a Piezo electric crystal which is in turn mounted to the case of the accelerometer. When the body of the accelerometer is subjected to vibration the mass mounted on the crystal wants to stay still in space due to inertia and so compresses and stretches the piezo electric crystal. This force causes a charge to be generated and due to Newton law (F=ma) this force is in turn proportional to acceleration. The charge output is converted to voltage output by the use of integral electronics (for example: in an IEPE accelerometer) or made available as a charge output (pc /g) in a charge output Piezo electric
Examples of Hirasawa's on stage instruments include: The Tubular Hertz, a synthesizer making use of large pipes that are pulled by the user, and The GRAVITON, a sampler that is powered by a bike wheel; The GRAVITON was used as part of a live show performed entirely outdoors using solar and kinetic power. Recently, Hirasawa has made use of Tesla Coils and an increasingly elaborate LASER HARP, which triggers different samples when lasers are blocked in different contexts, adding a kinetic element to the sampled sound. Alongside these instruments, Hirasawa makes use of computers in order to create elaborate live shows in which the audience effects the set list, such as The Interactive Live Show.
Possibly the largest source of error is in the structure of spinning mechanism. It is likely that the materials used to build the spinner, namely plastic and a small motor, lose accuracy and consistency at high speeds, shaking due to slight imbalances between the sound emitter and the counter weight. This could cause unexpected fluctuations in the frequency of the sound received by the microphone. Additionally, even though the angular velocity was carefully measured by hand with a stopwatch, there is a slight difference between the recorded rpm of the rotating platform and the actual rpm of the platform. The relatively small radius of the path of the sound emitter limited the range of the experiment. A larger radius might have yielded a larger range of data points, due to the greater velocity resulting from the longer circumference that the sound emitter must travel per revolution. With the current setup however, fluctuations in volume are insignificant due to the small change in distance between the sound emitter and the microphone. An improved version of this lab would include stronger and lighter materials as well as a lighter sound emitter to minimize the shaking of the set up at high rpm rates. A smarter motor, which detects, selects, and maintains its own rpm would be more consistent
The head is mounted in a “slipper” (or holder) positioned above the disk at 0.5-2.5 microns from the surface. When the disk is revolving around its axis, an air current creates a velocity gradient with the surface and air.
3. Brain, Marshall, and Tom Harris. "How GPS Receivers Work." 25 September 2006. HowStuffWorks.com. 01 June 2010.
... the acceleration of the mass and the inertia of the weights, it was possible to determine the moment of inertia of the rotor itself.
No operator wants to set machine every time to get the best and same result. This is why; measurement of accuracy is a hot topic of research now a days and many processes and methods have been invented to investigate these processes. In this project we are going to talk about the indirect measurement of machines.