Attenuation Effects on Data Transmitted through Cable
Abstract
Attenuation refers to any reduction in the strength of a signal. Attenuation occurs with digital or analog signals. Attenuation is the end result of signals being transmitted extended distances. Attenuation is usually expressed in units called decibels (dBs). The cable type will determine at what point along the length of the cable signal degradation occurs. Repeaters can be inserted along the length of the cable to boost the signal strength which increases the maximum attainable range of data transmitted though the cable.
Attenuation Effects on Data Transmitted through Cable
The majority of attenuation in Coax cable comes from resistive losses in the cable's metallic conductors. Temperature also has effects the resistivity of the conducting surface. Resistivity is a "bulk property of material describing how well that material inhibits current flow. This is slightly different from resistance, which is not a physical property. If one considers current flowing through a unit cube of material (say, a solid metal cube that measures 1 meter on each side), resistivity is defined as the voltage measured across the unit cube length (V/m) divided by the current flowing through the unit cube's cross sectional area (I/m2). This results in units of Ohm m2/m or Ohm-m." [University of British Columbia Geophysical Inversion Facility]
Temperature affects the movement of electrons in the material. When a signal voltage is passed through a wire the electrons collides with the atoms in the material. If more atoms are allowed collide with electrons, the greater the frictional resistance, which affects the cable ability to conduct (allow data to pass through the cable). Temperature causes the atoms with in the material to move. Increasing the temperature causes the atoms to “jiggle” which causes frequent collations with electrons. The opposite is true when the temperature is lowered.
Attenuation is a function of the frequency of the signal, and the length and physical structure of the cable itself. Specifically, it depends on:
• The diameter of the inner conductor: as the diameter of the conductor increases, attenuation decreases.
• The composition of the outer conductor: the more effective the screening action, the lower the attenuation.
• The nature of the dielectric: the lower its constant dielectric, the lower the attenuation. Therefore, an expanded dielectric supplies, at any given diameter, values of attenuation lower than a solid dielectric.
Since the type of cable, the temperature, and the rate at which data is being passed through the cables are constant, the length of the cable is the only factor that affects the attenuation in the two cables.
The absorbance of these mixtures is measured at a suitable wavelength. If 'x' mole/litre are added to (1-x) mole/litre of M and if C1, C2
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether if the sound is affected when it travels through different length pipes. The method used to do this experiment was created by using 5 different PVC pipes in the lengths of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 centimeters. Then, using a tuning fork, sound will be produced on one end of the PVC pipe and measured with a decimeter on the other end. This experiment was recorded using 5 trials for each independent level and the average decibels (dB) for each pipe length were recorded.
While people may have little insight into the new developments of designer babies, science has explored and expanded genetic editing. “Manipulating genes is legal”. According to Chinese scientist who created such technology. (in slide show). In 1994, the argument was to have equal rights so the poor get the same treatment like the rich. (embryo.aus). in adjacent to the statistics, some studies indicate Americans would like to know if their child would develop Alzheimer’s, or cancer (put statistics in a slide show) . (genetic technology pg 6,7). The Harvard STAT and Harvard T.H. Chan school of public health found that people now have mixed and apparently not firm vies on designer babies. The outcome was split between whether the federal government should fund, research on editing genes( polls).. For instance, The food and drug administration centers for Medicaid, Medicare services, and the federal trade commission regulates genetic testing and research in the US. There is no law forbidding genetic manipulation in humans. (site this). There are many great reasons why designer babies should be valid. With new technology curing diseases is an awesome way to use (PGD), it is possible to save a human from being
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The point of a rehabilitation center for addicts is it is a place for people who are struggling with substance abuse can go to for help. Substance abuse addiction is a growing problem in the United States and causes many problems socially and economically. The words “alcoholic” or “drug addict” carry a negative connotation. An alcoholic is not considered a role model for kids. But, what can be said about the programs and processes in place that are supposed to help addicts? Through my research, I have examined the current addiction rehabilitation centers, and I believe there needs to be a restructuring of the existing strategies used to help addicts.
Designer Babies: What are the Ethical and Moral Issues by TK McGhie and Designer Babies: Choosing Our Children’s Genes by Bonnie Steinbock both cover the controversy around an ever growing, ever prominent field of biotechnology. These articles focus on the recent trend of the concept that parents can essentially design the baby of their dreams. Designer babies are not an actual in use trend, but it is a very real hypothetical one. The idea of designer babies first originated in 1978, the day of the first successful in vitro fertilization. From there, more and more technology has become readily available to help improve the lives of unborn children. These two articles are about the same fundamental subject but, they differ from each
When we place two objects with different temperatures in contact with each other, the heat from the hotter object will immediately and automatically flow to the colder object. This is known as conduction. Some objects make excellent conductors of heat while others make poor conductors of heat or excellent insulators. Silver, copper, and gold make excellent conductors of heat. Foams and plastics make good insulators of heat but make poor conductors. Last night for dinner, I made myself a grilled cheese sandwich and a bowl of tomato soup. I heated the soup faster than I cooked the sandwich so I poured the hot soup into a bowl and finished cooking the sandwich. Once I was done cooking, I gabbed the soup bowl and burned my hand. The heat from the soup made the bowl hot. This is an example of conduction.
However optical signals have shorter wavelengths because the cables decrease the propagation speed (speed of light).
V(voltage) I (current) Therefore, I = V R Therefore, if V is constant, in order to increase I, R must decrease.
It is important for children to go through this learning process, so that in the future they can communicate effectively. Scientists call interpersonal communication the interaction between two people through face-to-face contact via verbal and nonverbal communication (Adler & Proctor, 2011). The start of every human relationship is through nonverbal communication; infants master nonverbal interactions since it is their only means of communication. Universal signals such as smiles, laughter, eye contact, sour faces, and many more are nonverbal cues; these signals are essential in the beginning, as children start to communicate and bond relationships with their parents. As children grow, they will learn how to communicate verbally by listening to the people around them. Verbal development matters through the toddler years, and it is essential that parents take the time to teach children how to effectively communicate; it is during this period when children learn the most. There are four different stages of learning communication skills: beginning awareness, awkwardness, skillfulness, and integration; all of these skills come into play as children begin to interact with those around them. The word “haptics” is the scientific term for touching; this type of signal can communicate many types of messages for example, a hug can send a message of love
If the distance between the two electrodes is smaller, the copper ions need less energy to flow from the anode to the cathode
"Properties of sine waves." University of Manitoba. University of Manitoba, 2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2013. .
...smits the waves from one direction but as soon as it reflects it blocks them from the other. [1]