Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Neurobiology of a Disorder or a Difference?
analytical Essay
1837 words
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Neurobiology of a Disorder or a Difference?
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a phrase that has moved out of the realm of pure science or psychology and into common parlance. Like depression, the public has a general and vague sense of the "type" of person who may have ADHD, and has heard the name Ritalin, the main drug used in treatment, bandied about. As the name of the disorder implies, its symptoms present generally as "inattention and a combination of hyperactive and impulsive behaviors" (2). ADHD has only recently been able to be tangibly identified in the nervous system, and its' diagnostic criteria has continued to be revised. The discovery of specific physiological differences in the brain has enabled scientists to correlate the behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD with specific differences, mutations, or malfunctions in the brain. Though the scientific burden of proof cannot be ignored, the way in which we choose to define these differences as a "disorder" is debatable. Given both the scientific understanding of the sheer size of the nervous system and the more poetic notion of individuality, the neurobiological differences associated with ADHD are difficult to adequately define within the unlimited permutations of human personalities.
The current official American criteria for diagnosing the condition of ADHD, according to the DSM-IV, is based on a child presenting at least six symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, or both, that have persisted for at least six months (3). Additionally, some symptoms must have been present before seven years of age, and some type of social, academic or occupational impairment must result from these symp...
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3) DSM-IV diagnostic criteria
http://www.mentalhealth.com/dis1/p21-ch01.html
4) fabulous paper by Bonnie Craymond linking ADHD and the creative personality
http://borntoexplore.org/adhd.htm
5) article from "The Medical Post" by Harvey McConnell
http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5m-add2.html
6) great graphic
http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm
7) pharmacology information on Ritalin
http://www.mentalhealth.com/drug/p30-r03.html
8) list of myths and corrections about ADHD
http://www.add.org/content/abc/myths.htm
9) article from "Time" by Claudia Wallis
http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p51-adhd.html
10)"Scientific American" article by Kristin Leutwyler
http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p51-adhd.html
11) part of Barkley article diagramming a psychological model of ADHD
http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm
In this essay, the author
- Explains that there is an underlying genetic mutation and that it is heritable, so that families will present similarities in adhd behavior.
- Argues that the use of a labeled "disorder" and the negative connotations that accompany it must be questioned.
- Argues that the social implications for educational and social success for the adhd child are perhaps the most important point.
- Explains that there is an underlying genetic mutation and that it is heritable, so that families will present similarities in adhd behavior.
- Argues that the use of a labeled "disorder" and the negative connotations that accompany it must be questioned.
- Argues that the social implications for educational and social success for the adhd child are perhaps the most important point.
- Explains that adhd has moved out of the realm of pure science or psychology and into common parlance.
- Explains that methylphenidate (ritalin) is a mild stimulant to the central nervous system, but the specific way it stimulates the brain isn't fully understood.
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- the causes of teenage suicideexplanatory essaySuicide is a critical social problem in this day and age. According to Kutcher and Magdalena (2008), one of the top three causes of death among people from 15 to 34 years old is suicide. In America, suicide is the third killer to the high school youths between the age of 15 to 19 (Lieberman & Cowan, 2011). Suicide defined as a person who end the life in the way of purposely instantly, and deliriously which consider to be self-inflicted death (Comer, 2004). In general, there are six factors that cause teenagers involve in suicide that are depressed, family factor, a trend toward the youth, effect of parental suicide, bullying, and impulsive behavior (refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that suicide is one of the top three causes of death among people from 15 to 34 years old. suicide is the third killer to the high school youths between the age of 15 and 19.
- Explains that depression can be classified as a mood disorder in medical field. it can occur in two main facts, that are the variable feeling of people and the financial sources problem.
- Explains that the parental situation in a family influences virtually in teenage suicide. cutler, glaeser, and norberg (2001), the youth suicide rate are closely related to the parents' divorce rate.
- Explains that suicide is one of the top three causes of death among people from 15 to 34 years old. suicide is the third killer to the high school youths between the age of 15 and 19.
- Explains that depression can be classified as a mood disorder in medical field. it can occur in two main facts, that are the variable feeling of people and the financial sources problem.
- Explains that the parental situation in a family influences virtually in teenage suicide. cutler, glaeser, and norberg (2001), the youth suicide rate are closely related to the parents' divorce rate.
- Explains that suicide is a trend towards youth. according to bandura (1971), people learn something new with their own experience or by viewing the other people's action to perform new behavior.
- Explains that suicide is deeply affecting the surviving family and has a great influence on survivors’ socioculture environment, with reverberation across generations.
- Explains that the trauma of parental suicide impacted on the whole family, leaving the bereaved child unsupported and uninformed. the close relatives of suicide victims have high potential of suicidality.
- Explains that bullying towards youth is the other unquestionably factor which causes teenage suicide. bullying is a person or group of people applying physical or emotional persecution towards another person.
- Explains that people who commit suicide are also likely abusing drugs and alcohol. alcohol promotes impulsive behavior, which helps the drinker make the final decision.
912 wordsRead More - According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about one-half of 1.6 million elementary school-aged children diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have also been diagnosed with a learning disability (LD) (Brown University Child and Adolescence Behavior Letter, 2001). The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (1997) stated that ADHD affects 3 to 5 percent of all children, and boys are three times more likely to be affected by the disorder than girls. The cause of ADHD is unknown, and the disorder and its symptoms are chronic and pervasive (www.asha.org). In the Fourth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ADHD is categorized into three subtypes which are ADHD Predominantly Inattention Type, ADHD Predominantly Hyperactivity-Impulsive Type, and ADHD Combined Type.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that one-half of 1.6 million elementary school-aged children diagnosed with adhd have a learning disability. the cause of adhd is unknown, and its symptoms are chronic and pervasive.
- Explains that inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity have their effects on speech and language.
- Explains that marshall and hynd's study showed math achievement differences among the two subtypes. children with add without hyperactivity scored significantly lower in mathematics than children with adhd.
- Explains that one-half of 1.6 million elementary school-aged children diagnosed with adhd have a learning disability. the cause of adhd is unknown, and its symptoms are chronic and pervasive.
- Explains that inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity have their effects on speech and language.
- Explains that marshall and hynd's study showed math achievement differences among the two subtypes. children with add without hyperactivity scored significantly lower in mathematics than children with adhd.
- Explains that the kaufman test of educational achievement (ktea) was given to 4 groups of children that measured reading decoding, reading comprehension, spelling, and arithmetic computation.
- Explains that the study of prater investigated the effects of self-monitoring of academic performance and on-task behaviors on children with learning disabilites and add/adhd.
1238 wordsRead More - What Is ADHD?explanatory essayAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common disorders diagnosed among children in the United States (Lynch, 2013). Its growing prevalence in the United States is becoming a major controversy in the field of Psychology. The public seems to have an opinion as well. Should we be treating children with …
In this essay, the author
- Explains that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is one of the most common disorders diagnosed among children in the united states.
- States that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is one of the most common disorders diagnosed among children in the united states.
- Explains the main symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which causes difficulties for children in school, at home, and otherwise.
- Explains that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is one of the most common disorders diagnosed among children in the united states.
- States that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is one of the most common disorders diagnosed among children in the united states.
- Explains the main symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, which causes difficulties for children in school, at home, and otherwise.
- Explains charles bradley's discovery that stimulants can calm hyper children by accident, which improved their behavior and ability to concentrate in school. the discovery of stimulant medication changed the treatment of adhd/ hyperactivity forever.
- Explains that the experiment will use six female experimentally naive sprague-dawley rats, which are approximately 6 months old and housed in the allegheny college colony.
- Explains the lafayette instruments co. operant conditioning chamber (model #80001) will serve as the apparatus. scheduling of all experimental events and data collection will be accomplished through a lafayette console.
- Explains that behavioral tolerance will occur; the response rate of rats before and during the drug insult will produce more frequent reinforcement (more adaptive behavior) than after abstinence is introduced
- Explains that each animal will receive each level of the independent variable and serve as its own control. the data will be analyzed with a one-way within-subjects anova.
- Explains how the diagnosis of adhd began with sir alexander crichton, who wrote about attention disorders, and heinrich hoffman's "fidgety phil".
- Explains that methylphenidate is a commonly used medication used to treat adhd. however, the question americans are not asking is at what cost does it do so?
- Explains that methylphenidate has been shown to produce structural changes in the brain based on events in an individual’s external environment.
- Describes how the procedure began with shaping the rats' behavior in order to train lever pressing behavior. the latin square design was used to introduce two control conditions and four different doses of methylphenidate.
2021 wordsRead More - Analysis of over-diagnosing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorderexplanatory essayThe mental health community has been noticeably slow in identifying that there may be a problem with diagnoses and prescriptions for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The National Institute of Mental Health government publication, “Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General” notes a rise in concerns regarding over-diagnosis and overprescribing of stimulant therapy, by stating there may be "inappropriate diagnosis and treatment" taking place (National Institute of Mental Health, 2001). The US Dept. of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention reported in 2011 that an estimated 9% of children in the United States had ADHD (Bloom, 2011). This paper will define the disorder, discuss the notion of over-diagnosing, and the potential risks of overprescribing medication for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the mental health community has been noticeably slow in identifying that there may be a problem with diagnoses and prescriptions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
- Explains attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is a time of bodily, societal, and mental evolution. a consistent view of your life will help adolescents steer their life transitions in positive direction.
- Explains that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is a common neuropsychiatric condition with onset in childhood, generally becoming obvious during the first few years of grade school.
- Explains that the mental health community has been noticeably slow in identifying that there may be a problem with diagnoses and prescriptions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
- Explains attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is a time of bodily, societal, and mental evolution. a consistent view of your life will help adolescents steer their life transitions in positive direction.
- Explains that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (adhd) is a common neuropsychiatric condition with onset in childhood, generally becoming obvious during the first few years of grade school.
- Explains that researchers aren't sure what causes adhd, although previous research has suggested that genetics contribute to the disorder.
- Explains that adhd does not have a single, simply identifiable form, so diagnosing it requires an observer's interpretation. there are no laboratory tests that can predict adhd.
- Analyzes how the journal of the american medical association published a study that reported an alarming increase in the use of ritalin in children.
- Explains that some studies have shown that the actual diagnosis of adhd is proven wrong after a competent practitioner completes additional assessment.
- Explains that primary care doctors vary significantly in their assessment and diagnosis of childhood disorders, citing handler and dupaul (2005).
- Opines that the decision to treat a child with stimulant medicine can be difficult for many parents.
- Explains that stimulant medication has become the most popular treatment for adolescents with adhd, raising concerns about overprescription. some legislators have attempted to make drug companies place warning labels on medications used for childhood disorders.
- Explains that society is increasingly alarmed about the risks factors associated with long term stimulant use to treat adhd in children and adolescents for long periods of time.
- Explains that the centers for disease control and prevention has investigated the trend of children being treated due to complications with stimulant medications.
- Opines that adolescents who are prescribed stimulants misuse them or sell them to others who don't need to be taking the medication. stimulants can be abused orally, intranasally by crushing the tablets and snorting the powder, or parenterally.
- Analyzes how adolescents "glorify" the idea of drug use and falsely report adhd symptoms in attempts to obtain the medication from medical providers. adolescents seem to think they are cool if they sell their prescriptions to other students.
- Explains that a study in the midwestern public school district noted an increase in student being pressured into selling their medications.
- Explains that when parents are not educated about the effects of stimulants, they are unaware of the signs that the prescription may be abused by their adolescent.
- Explains the american psychological association's ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct.
- Explains that it can be more difficult to evaluate an adolescent for adhd than it is to assess an young child. younger children are supervised more closely because they are in smaller classrooms or haven't started school yet.
- Explains that the american psychological association's ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct states that psychologists use assessment instruments whose validity and reliability have been established for use with members of the population tested.
- Describes the guidelines for evaluating and treating adhd in children and adolescents. american psychological association. ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct.
- Describes the national institutes of health consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd).
- Cites fritz, g, genel, bezman, and slanetz, p. j. on the diagnosis and treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents.
- Explains halperin, newcorn, matier, sharma, mckay, and schwartz. discriminant validity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
- Cites handler, m.w., and dupaul, g.j. (2005). assessment of adhd: differences across psychology specialty areas.
- Explains the use, misuse and diversion of prescription stimulants among middle and high school students.
- Explains that facts, values, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: an update on the controversies.
- Explains the effects of stimulant treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during childhood and adolescence.
- States that the us department of health and human services, centers for disease control & prevention, conducted a national health interview survey in 2011.
- Cites vatz, weinberg, kelleher, bocian, aker, childs, g.e., indacochea, f.
- Explains wolraich, wibbelsman, evans, s.w., gotlieb, e.m.
2148 wordsRead More - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorderexplanatory essayOne critical debate surrounding this disorder is the assessment and diagnosis of ADHD. In the DSM IV, it states that in order to accurately diagnose ADHD, the patient must show at least six symptoms. People with ADHD show various signs such as, the difficulty in sustaining attenti...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder creates a great deal of discussions among professionals. there are theories presented from each side about what causes it, how to asses it.
- Explains that adhd is a set of behavioral problems revolving around three main symptoms: incapacity to keep their attention focus, impulsiveness, hyperactivity, and restlessness.
- Explains that adhd is broken into three subtypes: impulsive and hyperactive, inattentive only, and all three. in the united states, 3-5% of children show signs of adhd.
- Explains that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder creates a great deal of discussions among professionals. there are theories presented from each side about what causes it, how to asses it.
- Explains that adhd is a set of behavioral problems revolving around three main symptoms: incapacity to keep their attention focus, impulsiveness, hyperactivity, and restlessness.
- Explains that adhd is broken into three subtypes: impulsive and hyperactive, inattentive only, and all three. in the united states, 3-5% of children show signs of adhd.
- Explains that the dsm iv states that in order to accurately diagnose adhd, the patient must show at least six symptoms. symptoms must have been displayed prior the age of seven and must be present in both social and academic settings.
- Explains the need for specific guidelines in diagnosing adhd because sufferers may show symptoms that stem from other issues. bright students may find their work un-stimulating and become bored, thus becoming inattentive.
- Explains that the diagnosis of adhd offers many challenges, but determining its causes may be an even greater challenge.
- Explains the core issue with adhd is the incapacity to remain focused on any one activity, which causes the person to be unable to finish tasks.
- Explains that there are arguments against the theory that the disorder is neurologically based. some parents claim that their child pays attention if there is something interesting going on.
- Argues that adhd is genetic and runs in the family. strong evidence shows that children with adhd also have parents that suffer.
- Explains that treatment methods on how treat adhd are widely debated. some believe that mild symptoms should only be given psychological, social and educational therapy.
- Explains that the most effective way to treat patients, is through the use of medication. stimulant and non-stimulant drugs are most commonly used.
- Explains that adhd clinics claim to have a success rate between 80-95% and see improvement in key symptoms. however, there are short-term side effects such as headaches, loss of appetite, and sleeping difficulty.
- Opines that there are some who fear there may be long-term problems with these drugs such as growth suppression. there have been studies refuting this theory.
- Explains that adderall is expensive and costs on average $750 per year for on a daily dose of 30mg. the cost jumps to over $3000 with assessments and follow-ups.
- Opines that we must be careful when dealing with adhd and must look at the symptoms and treatment methods on a case by case basis.
- Explains that non-pharmacological treatments for adhd: a lifespan approach. ramsay, j. russell.
- Explains the effectiveness and safety limits of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults.
- Explains the american psychiatric association's diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders.
1337 wordsRead More - Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorderexplanatory essayThis paper will attempt to describe Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The different causative factors, as well as the diagnosis of this disorder will also be described. Finally, the different treatments that are available for ADHD will be discussed.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the paper will describe attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd), the different causative factors, and the diagnosis of this disorder.
- Explains that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a psychological condition that usually begins in early childhood and often lasts into adulthood.
- Explains the three broad sets of symptoms associated with adhd: inattention and distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
- Explains that the paper will describe attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd), the different causative factors, and the diagnosis of this disorder.
- Explains that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a psychological condition that usually begins in early childhood and often lasts into adulthood.
- Explains the three broad sets of symptoms associated with adhd: inattention and distractibility, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
- Explains the dsm-iv-tr criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
- Explains that six (or more) of the following symptoms of inattention have been present, lasted for at least 6 months, and are not appropriate for the child's developmental level.
- Explains the symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, which include difficulty organizing tasks and activities, distractions, and forgetting to do daily activities.
- Opines that a person can't play quietly or engage in leisure activities if they're 'driven by motors'. they cite butcher, mineka, and hooley.
- Explains that there are currently three sub-types of adhd: predominately inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, and combined.
- Explains that genetics, environmental factors, brain injuries, nutrition, and social environments might contribute to adhd. researchers have identified neuro-developmental factors and neurophysiological deficits in several neurotransmitter systems as contributing factors.
- Explains that a licensed health professional needs to gather information about the child, and his or her behavior and environment.
- Explains that the specialist will check school and medical records to see if there are any abnormalities in the child's home or school settings.
- Explains that there are two types of medications that are used for treating adhd: stimulants and non-stimulants.
- Explains the different types of psychotherapy that are useful in treating adhd, such as behavioral therapy and social skills. children with adhd need their parents and teachers to guide and understand them.
- Reports that as of 2011, 6.4 million children between the ages of 4 and 17 have been diagnosed with adhd.
- Concludes that adhd is a common childhood mental disorder that affects millions of children, but with the proper treatment plan, most children can learn how to function with this disorder.
- Explains that the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) has released data on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd).
- Cites university of illinois' a student's guide to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd).
1487 wordsRead More - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorderexplanatory essayAttention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is very commonly known. Today, ADHD is one of the most common mental disorders among children. The NIMH (The national institute of mental health) predicts that it affecting 3 to 5 percent of all children(AACAP), with an approximate amount of 30% to 65% of these children experiencing persistence of symptoms into adolescence and adulthood (AACAP).There are three types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Type, Predominantly Inattentive Type, and Combination Type(ehow.com). The symptoms of ADHD can be classified into three main categories; hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. These behaviors can interfere with ADHD sufferers’ ability to focus deliberately on organizing and completing a specific task that they may not enjoy. A case of this kind of behavior is recognized in a report written by the National Institute of Mental Health where one of the subjects under study was unable to pass schooling examinations due to her inattentive behavior (clinicaltrials.gov) These kinds of behaviors can damage the person's relationships with others in addition to disrupting their daily life, consuming energy, and diminishing self-esteem, depending on severity of their symptoms (adhd.com). In this paper, the multiple factors of how ADHD affects, and is handled, of those who undergo this disorder, are shown.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that adhd is one of the most common mental disorders among children. it affects 3 to 5 percent of all children with persistence of symptoms into adolescence and adulthood.
- Explains that inattentiveness and impulsiveness are the most common symptoms of this disorder. distractibility and short attention span affect the person's ability to concentrate.
- Explains that adhd is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the person's ability to process and rate of learning new information. there are different types of medication and treatment that include therapy, stimulants and non-stimulants.
- Explains that adhd is one of the most common mental disorders among children. it affects 3 to 5 percent of all children with persistence of symptoms into adolescence and adulthood.
- Explains that inattentiveness and impulsiveness are the most common symptoms of this disorder. distractibility and short attention span affect the person's ability to concentrate.
- Explains that adhd is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects the person's ability to process and rate of learning new information. there are different types of medication and treatment that include therapy, stimulants and non-stimulants.
- Explains that there is no real cure to adhd, but those who suffer can handle it with ease. each person with adhd has their own experience and must find out what works best for them.
- Describes the definition of adhd in adult-child-add - adhd.
- Explains that there are three types of adhd, which all have their own set of symptoms.
- Cites carson, cat, "history & discovery of adhd." demand health inc, n.d. web. 5 jan. 2014.
966 wordsRead More - 500 Word Essayopinion essayThe Affordable Care Act gives health insurance to the individuals in need while simultaneously taking away the rights of those who currently are protected. Statistics on the Obamacare website show that only 15% of American’s are currently uninsured (How Does Obama Care Work?) which leaves a whole 85% of American’s who will not benefit from this Act due to their current insurance prices rising. Pr...
In this essay, the author
- Opines that obamacare is not beneficial to those who are currently covered, as it is neither cost effective nor constitutional.
- Explains that the affordable care act gives health insurance to the individuals in need while simultaneously taking away the rights of those who currently are protected.
- Opines that the aca will further erode meaningful limits on the powers of the federal government. its maze of mandates, regulatory edicts and arbitrary bureaucracy undermines political accountability and the rule of law.
- Opines that obamacare is not beneficial to those who are currently covered, as it is neither cost effective nor constitutional.
- Explains that the affordable care act gives health insurance to the individuals in need while simultaneously taking away the rights of those who currently are protected.
- Opines that the aca will further erode meaningful limits on the powers of the federal government. its maze of mandates, regulatory edicts and arbitrary bureaucracy undermines political accountability and the rule of law.
- Opines that obamacare is a violation of our constitutional rights because it allows politicians to make our medical decisions and limits our options of providers.
- Opines that the affordable care act is a ploy to monopolize the free market companies and have most people covered by it.
702 wordsRead More - The Overdiagnosis of ADHD in Childrenanalytical essayADHD is a disorder that has been on the rise for several years now. The disorder is one that can cause many impairments to a child’s attention span, making it difficult to concentrate and to keep on task, especially on schoolwork. (Graham, 2007) The statistics have been growing ...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the number of students on powerful meds for adhd and add is shocking, but they never realized the full extent to which this disorder was effecting america's youth.
- Argues that many children who are diagnosed with adhd don't actually have the disorder or just have a slight bit of it.
- Argues that adhd symptoms can be calmed by changing the environment that children learn in.
- Explains that the number of students on powerful meds for adhd and add is shocking, but they never realized the full extent to which this disorder was effecting america's youth.
- Argues that many children who are diagnosed with adhd don't actually have the disorder or just have a slight bit of it.
- Argues that adhd symptoms can be calmed by changing the environment that children learn in.
- Describes the benefits of stimulants for adhd. journal of attention disorders, 12(6), 495-498.
- Explains hailemariam, a. pediatricians' preferences for adhd information from schools.
- Analyzes kelland, kate, "children with adhd say stimulant drugs help them: study." huffington post.
- Analyzes sindelar, r. (2004). recess: is it needed in the 21st century?
- Disproves the claim that children who have trouble paying attention need adhd medication in order to do well in school.
- Argues that while medication is needed for some cases, it is not crucial to being successful in school.
1421 wordsRead More - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorderexplanatory essayADHD was first recognized and described by Sir George Frederick Still, an English pediatrician, in 1902. He described ADHD as having core symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity (Connor, 2011). However, it was not until 78 years laters that these symptoms warranted a diagnostic term. The DSM-III, released in 1980, referred to these symptoms as attention deficit disorder (Connor, 2011). The DSM-IV updated this term to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with three subtypes: hyperactive-impulsive, inattentive, and combined. This remains the current diagnosis through the DSM-V update (Halgin & Whitbourne, 2014).
In this essay, the author
- Explains that adhd is a disorder of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter function and poses serious implications for affected individuals and educators.
- Explains that two theories for causality of adhd are currently employed. the first is heritability, and the second is environmentally facilitated or acquired adhd.
- Explains that adhd is often misdiagnosed based on the dramatic increase in cases and treatment for those cases. adhd was not recognized by the dsm until 1980.
- Explains that adhd is a disorder of dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmitter function and poses serious implications for affected individuals and educators.
- Explains that two theories for causality of adhd are currently employed. the first is heritability, and the second is environmentally facilitated or acquired adhd.
- Explains that adhd is often misdiagnosed based on the dramatic increase in cases and treatment for those cases. adhd was not recognized by the dsm until 1980.
- Explains that stimulants have documented side effects such as insomnia, loss of appetite, irritability, anxiety, and sadness.
- Explains that the general public has been quick to discredit stimulants, but the benefits are inarguable.
- Explains that stimulants increase dopamine levels slowly and maintain these levels over several hours, preventing euphoric effects and repeat doses. dr. murphy created eight strategies to help adults and adolescents handle the symptoms of adhd.
- Explains that children cannot take an introspective and responsible approach to handling the symptoms of adhd. many natural treatments have been employed with some success.
- Explains that a supplement of essential fatty acids, such as fish oil, has been reported to increase attention, improve behavior, and reduce hyperactive.
1935 wordsRead More - Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)explanatory essayAttention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), once called hyperkinesis or minimal brain dysfunction, is one of the most common mental disorders among children. (Elia, Ambrosini, Rapoport, 1999) It affects 3 to 5 percent of all children, with approximately 60% to 80% of these children experiencing persistence of symptoms into adolescence and adulthood, causing a lifetime of frustrated dreams and emotional pain. There are two types of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an inattentive type and a combined type. The symptoms of ADHD can be classified into three categories: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. This behaviour stops ADHD sufferers from focussing deliberately on organising and completing a specific task that they may not enjoy, learning new skills or information is proved to be impossible. An example of such behaviour is recognised by the report written by the National Institute of Mental Health where one of the subjects under study was unable to pass schooling examinations due to her inattentive behaviour. Such behaviour can damage the person's relationships with others in addition to disrupting their daily life, consuming energy, and diminishing self-esteem. (National Institute of Mental Health 1999) There are also secondary symptoms which are associated with ADHD, such as learning disorders, anxiety, depression and other mood disorders, tic disorders, and conduct disorders. (Spencer, Biederman, and Wilens 1999 in Monastra V, Monastra D, George, 2002)
In this essay, the author
- Explains that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder affects 3 to 5 percent of children, with persistence of symptoms into adolescence and adulthood.
- Explains that stimulant drugs are widely used to treat the symptoms of adhd, such as methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine and pemoline.
- Explains the effectiveness of atomoxetine, a stimulant drug used for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
- Explains that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder affects 3 to 5 percent of children, with persistence of symptoms into adolescence and adulthood.
- Explains that stimulant drugs are widely used to treat the symptoms of adhd, such as methylphenidate, dextroamphetamine and pemoline.
- Explains the effectiveness of atomoxetine, a stimulant drug used for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
- Explains that another trial on the topic of treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder has included five newest food and drug administration (fda) approved stimulant agents — concerta, metadate cd, ritalin la, adderall xr, focalin.
- Explains that innovative technology has fuelled the development of new release mechanisms and isolation of active enantiomer components with the hopes of enhancing the duration of action and improving the safety and effectiveness of stimulant agents.
- Explains that concerta was the first extended relief or long-lasting drug available for the sufferers of adhd. metadate cd is the second stimulant drug on the market.
- Compares the characteristics of newly approved psychostimulants based on age and over 6 years. the recommended daily dose is 54 mg 60 mg.
- Explains that ritalin la uses the spheroidal oral drug absorption system (sodas) technology producing the same effect as a normal stimulant taken at four-hour intervals.
- Explains that the final experiment that researches the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder focuses on the combining effects of stimulant therapy, such as ritalin, eeg biofeedback, and the parenting style.
- Explains that research is done to improve conditions and quality of life for those suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. stimulant therapy can be conveniently taken once a day. alternative treatments are available.
- Cites brown university child and adolescent behavior center's report that fda approves new nonstimulant treatment for adhd.
- Cites michelson, albert j. allen, joan busner, charles casat, david dunn, christopher kratochvil, jeffrey newcorn, f. randy sallee, r. bart sangal, keith saylor, scott west, douglas kelsey,
- Explains the effects of stimulant therapy, eeg biofeedback, and parenting style on the primary symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
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