Introduction
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death for people in the United States.1 In 2010, CVD accounted for 31.9% of all 2,468,435 deaths (1 in every 3 deaths) in the United States, and 34% of those deaths occurred before the age of 75 years.1 Moreover, the economic burden of CVD is the greatest because its estimated cost, including medical costs and loss of productivity, was $315.4 billion in 2010.1 Atherosclerosis—the thickening and hardening of arteries—remains the leading cause of cardiovascular complications, including coronary heart disease, carotid artery disease, angina, and myocardial infarction (heart attack).2 Atherosclerosis has a complex pathology, and its cause is still unknown; however, it involves several
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All the subjects had similar risk factors, including obesity, hypertension, LDL, triglycerides, and cigarette smoking. American Japanese men were included in the study to rule out any genetic factors. The intima-media thickness (IMT) of carotid artery and coronary artery calcification (CAC), both independent predictors of CVD, and serum lipid levels were evaluated to measure each individual’s degree of atherosclerosis. Study results showed that Japanese men had higher levels of marine-derived n-3 fatty acids in their serum lipid levels than did Japanese-American and white men (9.2% compared with 4.8% and 3.9%, respectively). In addition, there was a significant mean difference in both IMT and CAC prevalence values between Japanese men and white men, even after adjusting for potential CVD risk factors (IMT mean difference 39 µm, 95% confidence interval (CI): 21 to 57 µm, p < 0.001. CAC prevalence mean difference 10.7%, 95% CI: 2.9% to 18.4%, p = 0.007). Japanese American men had greater IMT prevalence and similar levels of CAC compared with white men (IMT: 70 µm vs. 60 µm, p < 0.001 and CAC prevalence: 26.6% vs. 21.1%, p = …show more content…
The underlying mechanisms and the two studies have shown some protective effect. The anti-inflammatory properties of n-3 PUFAs might contribute to reducing or preventing the occurrence of atherosclerosis, whereas their effect on reducing platelet aggregation through competing with AA for incorporation in PL may lower the risk for heart attack and stroke. The results of the Japanese study show an inverse association between the plasma n-3 PUFAs and the atherosclerosis (IMT and CAC) independent of genetic factor, whereas the findings of the blinded placebo controlled study indicate a gender-specific response in reducing platelet aggregation following a single dose of EPA or DHA oils, implying a possible antithrombotic effect of n-3 PUFAs. Unlike other studies concerning the effects of EPA and DHA supplementation that provide conflicting results due to testing mixed gender groups, the strength of a blind placebo-controlled trial resides in its ability to point out that there is a gender-specific platelet aggregation response to DHA and EPA. This may suggest sex hormones influence on circulating EPA and DHA and possible related anti-aggregation
The purpose of this report is to explore the controversial dispute between the quality of two different forms of fish oil supplementation; Triglyceride (TG) and Ethyl Ester (EE). Fish oil can be implemented into a diet by eating either fish or taking supplements. Fish oil is extracted from selected fish that contain highly beneficial healthy oils known as omega-3 fatty acids, two of the most important omega-3 fatty acids that are found in fish oil are Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA). Some of these fish that contain healthy omega-3 fatty acids include Tuna, Salmon, Mackerel, Herring, Anchovy’s etc. Fish oil supplementation also often contains small amounts of vitamin E to prevent spoilage and is can be combined with various other minerals and vitamins. There is an array of benefits that are involved when implementing fish oil into a diet; although it’s most common association is that it has been linked to slightly lowering blood pressure or triglyceride levels (fats linked to cholesterol). Although fish oil is recommended for persons with high blood pressure, it’s extremely important to remember that it is only to be taken at recommended dosages as it can ironically increase the chances of stroke when overdosing on the supplement. The scope of this report includes a general comparison between TG and EE fish oil supplements and how they are chemically differentiated, with a focus on how the quality of the two forms of supplement are processed. This report will not focus on other forms of fish oil sources and the impact it might have on irreversible factors such as age, gender, genetics, race/culture or environmental conditions.
It was to this respect that, the search could detect ‘’hypertension’’ as the leading risk factor for heart disease. And this preceded three quarters of heart failures cases as compared to coronary artery disease, which led to most heart failures in less than 40% of the cases. Also, an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic diameter became a mirror to the Framingham study as incident heart diseases in the individuals who are free from myocardial infarction. Although studies have shown that, the manifestation of heart failures can be present without the left ventricular systolic dysfunction, other risk factors could lead to that. Also, they (Framingham study) were able to detect ‘’too much of cholesterol’’ as a link to cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, research believed that has elevated among certain heart diseases such as coronary heart often leads to stroke, too high blood pressure among numerous patients. Having said that, the search discovered ‘’obesity’’ also as a concomitantly with hypertension which elevates lipids and diabetes versus questions on smoking behavior. Having said that, these risk factors are believed to have attributed to heart diseases. Therefore, it became a national concern to the general US population and that of the fourth director of Framingham heart study, William Castelli
An artery is an elastic blood vessel that transports blood away from the heart. There are two main types of arteries: pulmonary arteries and systemic arteries.
Cardiovascular disease has become an increasingly significant issue in many countries as it is the leading cause of death for the whole human population. According to World Health Organization, ischemic heart disease had caused about 7 million people to lose their life in 2011. One of the most common cardiovascular illnesses is myocardial infarction. It is defined as the death of cardiac myocytes due to complete blockage of a coronary artery. t-PA is a thrombolytic drug that used to treat myocardial infarction by dissolving the thrombus that causes the occlusion.
CAD is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the worldwide. The prevalence of biological and metabolic risk factors were also found to be high in development of coronary artery disease. Patients with hypercholesterolemia are at increased risk to experience cardiovascular events and to die from vascular disease [2]. .Statins, among the most commonly prescribed drugs worldwide, are cholesterol let downing agents used to manage cardiovascular and coronary heart diseases and to treat hypercholesterolemia. Statin’s therapy ...
The contributing factor is lack of knowledge and family medical screening. Understanding the history of your genetic line specific to your race and ethnicity may be helpful in preventing heart disease later on in adulthood.... ... middle of paper ... ... Current studies of note have focused primarily on middle-class and/or suburban populations.
Cardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of death in the United States. It is responsible for one in four deaths every year, about 600,000 mortalities. This disease affects men and women, as well as every ethnic group. Coronary artery disease is the most common cardiovascular disease, representing approximately 400,000 deaths per year of the aforementioned 600,000 total deaths from cardiovascular diseases as a whole. In 2010 alone, coronary artery disease cost the United States $108.9 billion for health care services, medication, and lost productivity. These chilling statistics, published every year by the American Medical Association, demonstrate the immediate need for new and innovative ways to prevent, detect, and treat coronary heart disease. This paper will explore the molecular biology behind the disease while explaining the current treatments and prevention that are available today, why they work and what can be done to improve them.
Atherosclerosis is the culprit behind coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke, which is the most common cause of death worldwide and in the United States10. Among the modifiable risk factors of CHD and stroke is the serum low density lipoprotein level (LDL)8, 11. Several randomized clinical trials have established that reducing the serum LDL level results in a reduction in the future risk of CHD and stroke in a linear relationship, in one study it was estimated that reducing the LDL by 1 % would reduce the risk by 1.7 %.1-4, 7, 9, 13
There are many reasons I have used health care services at different times in my lifetime from birth to the present time. I have utilized pregnancy healthcare services. I have used health care services for preventive care such as a yearly Pap smear or health physicals. My friends, family and my co-workers may use health care services for the same reasons as mine, especially if they are of the same gender.
Today, cardiovascular disease is “the number one killer in the United States and the developed world” (Sapolsky, 2004, p. 41). Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common form of cardiovascular disease, and is responsible for claiming an unreasonable amount of lives every year. CHD can begin to accumulate in young adults, but is prominently found in both men and women in their later adult lives. As a result of CHD, men typically experience heart attacks, whereas women present with chest pains, known as angina (Matthews, 2005).
A number of studies were unable to approve the role of vitamin D on atherosclerosis, CAD or IHD. The Multi-Ethnic study of Atherosclerosis after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, vitamin D status did not significantly affect arterial stiffness but PTH>65 pg/ml was associated with arterial stiffness. This association was not significant after adjustment for blood pressure.
Coronary heart disease or coronary artery disease affects 16.8 million people in the United States and causes more than 607,000 deaths annually (Lemone, chap.30). It is caused by atherosclerosis which is the accumulation of fatty deposits in the arteries causing impaired blood flow to the myocardium. CAD or coronary artery syndrome is usually without symptoms but may induce heart attack, angina and acute coronary syndrome if not properly treated. There are many risk factors associated with CAD like obesity, high cholesterol diet, hereditary, physical inactivity, just to name a few. Patients with CAD may be unable to identify and manage their risks factors. It is imperative for nurses to educate the patient about CAD and measures to enhance their health.
One of the leading causes of death in the United States is heart disease. “Approximately every 29 seconds one American will have a heart attack, and once a minute one American will die from a heart attack” (Ford-Martin and Odle, 915). According to the Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine men over the age of 45 and women over the age of 55 are considered at risk for heart disease. Heart disease is a major cause of death. It is beneficial to individuals who seek to prevent heart disease to recognize the risks leading to heart attacks as they are one of the primary indications of developing heart disease; especially those that fall into the at risk age groups. These risks consist of some that cannot be changed such as heredity risks, or those that can change such as smoking habits. It is very important to know these specific risks for prevention and to understand the symptoms of heart attacks, such as sweating or the feeling of weakness so if these or other symptoms occur people are aware. Finally heart disease treatment is of vital importance if you experience a heart attack so you can learn how to prevent another one from occurring.
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a group of disorders or diseases that involves the heart and blood vessels, or both. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death amongst individuals living the United States. Some diseases associated with CVD consist of: coronary artery disease, congenital heart disease and pulmonary embolism (U.S. National Library of Medicine).
The Omega-3's are widely recognized for their role in heart health. Not only do these fatty acids help healthy hearts, they also benefit those with cardiovascular disease. Research has proved atherosclerotic plaque reduces with consistent consumption of omega-3's. Further, incidences of irregular heartbeats decline with these fatty acids; high blood pressure has been known to slightly drops as well.