Asthma is a very prevalent, highly treatable lung condition, which is described to inflammation in the lungs, increased responsiveness of the airways, and reversibility or the airflow obstruction. A lot of individuals in the world, children and also adults, carry a diagnosis of asthma. Asthma’s symptoms associate to breathing and to the respiratory system. Symptoms of asthma diverge in frequency and in intensity which is include cough, wheeze, production of mucus increased, uncomfortable breathing, and shortness of breath. During an asthma attack, the bronchial muscles tighten, the mucosa lining in the respiratory tract swell, and mucus production in respiratory tract excessively resulting in airway narrowing.
The main origin factors of asthma are genetic predisposition to type I hypersensivity (atopy), acute and chronic airway inflammation, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to a diversity of stimuli. The inflammation contains a lot of cell types and various inflammatory mediators, but the performance of type 2 helper T (TH2) cells may be demanding to the pathogenesis of asthma. The typical atopic form of asthma is related with an exorbitant TH2 reaction against environmental antigens. TH2 cells produce cytokines which is report for most of the properties of asthma—IgE (Immunoglobulin E) production stimulated by IL-4 (Interleukin 4), eosinophils activated by IL-5 (Interleukin 5), and IL-13 (Interleukin 13) stimulates mucus production and as well promotes IgE production by B cells. IgE covers submucosal mast cells and release granule contents on exposure to allergen. This involves two waves of reaction: an early or immediate phase and a late phase. The early reaction is dominated by bronchoconstriction, mucus production increased a...
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... infusion in status asthmaticus. This drugs are commonly used when needed to control symptoms. -adrenoceptor agonists primary effect in asthma is to dilate the bronchi by a direct action on the -adrenoceptors of smooth muscle. They relax bronchial muscle whenever the spasmogens involved. They also restrict mediator delivery from mast cells and TNF- release from monocytes, and increase mucus clearance by an operation of cilia. Every use of drugs, will have the side or adverse effects. The common side effects of -adrenoceptor agonists is tremor, tachycardia and cardiac dysrhythmia.
In conclusion, asthma is one of the respiratory disease that related to lung condition with a chronic inflammatory disorder of airways that causes repeating wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. And can be treated with antiasthma drugs which one of it is salbutamol.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways. It is a reversible airway obstruction, occurring 8 to 10% of the population worldwide. According to a study in 2005, asthma affects over 15 million Americans, with more than 2 million annual emergency room visits. Asthma patients have a hyper-responsiveness in their airways and generally and increase in their airway smooth muscle cell mass. This hyperplasia is due to the normal response to the injury and repair to the airway caused by exacerbations. The main choice of therapy for asthma patients is β2- adrenergic agonists. Racemic albuterol has been the drug of choice for a short acting bronchodilator for a long time, but since the development of levalbuterol, there is the question of which drug is a better choice for therapy. Efficacy and cost of treatment must both be taken into consideration in each study of these therapies to determine which is best for the treatment of asthma.
In the article "The Effect of Theophylline and ß2 agonists on Airway Reactivity" it says that more airway responsiveness occurs in asthma, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, and other diseases. Theophylline and ß2 agonists are used commonly for maintenance therapy for symptoms associated with the increased responsiveness. Both can reduce airway responsiveness to a variety of chemical irritants.. (Ahrens 15S)
For Ventolin to work optimally, situations that may trigger an asthma attack must be avoided. These situations include exercising in cold, dry air; smoking; breathing in dust; and exposure to allergens such as pet fur or pollens. Relating to the case study, a few of these may apply to the patient, such as exercising in the cold morning air and perhaps breathing in dust and allergens such as pollens or maybe from the eucalyptus in the Blue Mountains might have had an effect on his condition.
"Asthma is a pulmonary disease with the following characteristics: 1) airway obstruction that is reversible in most patients either spontaneously or with treatment; 2) airway inflammation; and 3) increased airway responsiveness to a variety of stimuli" (Enright, 1996, p. 375). There presently exist many varieties of asthma that differ in the severity, means of induction, and methods of treatment. One type is exercise-induced asthma. "Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is a temporary increase in airway resistance and acute narrowing of the airway that occurs after several minutes of strenuous exercise, usually after the exercise had ceased" (Spector, 1993, p. 571). Perfectly healthy individuals with no history of asthma or allergies can experience EIA. EIA can be found in 5.6%-25% of the general population and in 40%-90% of asthmatics (Randolph, 1997). EIA has been recognized for over 300 years, but only recently have it's pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment been studied in detail.
Asthma is a chronic disease that makes it difficult to breathe. The airways to the lungs swell up and become inflamed, which narrows the air passageway to the lungs and the lungs cannot receive the amount of oxygen that it needs. “Mucus builds up inside the airways so you have trouble getting air in and out of your lungs.” (Pope, 2002, p.44). If the lungs do not receive the essential amount of air, it will cause a lot of distress and wheezing to the patient.
Understanding the pathogenesis of asthma is a solution to creating treatments that are more effective. “For more than two decades now, asthma has been recognized as a chronic inflammatory disease involving inflammation of both the central and peripheral airways” (Tulic 71). This chronic inflammation results in structural changes in the airways of the asthmatic patient, referred to as airway remodeling. Airway remodeling is the cause of the symptoms seen in asthmatics during an attack like severe dyspnea, wheezing or difficulty in expiration (Kumar and Robbins 492). There are five major aspects of the body affected by asthma, mostly due to chronic infl...
Asthma is chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurring episodes of wheeling and breathlessness. It often exists with allergies and can be worsened through exposure to allergens. In fact, asthma is complicated syndromes that have neither single definition nor complete explanation to the point. In light of its treatment, it is worthwhile to notice that asthma cannot be cured, instead can be only managed by avoiding exposure to allergens and/or by using medications regularly.
Asthma is a disorder of the respiratory system in which the passages that enable air to pass into and out of the lungs periodically narrow, causing coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. This narrowing is typically temporary and reversible, but in severe attacks, asthma may result in death. Asthma most commonly refers to bronchial asthma, an inflammation of the airways, but the term is also used to refer to cardiac asthma, which develops when fluid builds up in the lungs as a complication of heart failure. This article focuses on bronchial asthma.
An asthma attack has many effects on the body. Asthma affects the body by limiting the flow of air into the lungs. It causes airway inflammation, bronchial restriction and irregular airway obstruction. Airway inflammation is how the body reacts to something that is irritating the airways. When happening your lungs begin swelling, your breathing passageway becomes restricted and mucus is secreted. Bronchial restriction happens when the muscles in your airways tighten around the breathing tubes in your lungs. (Bronchial tubes). Mucus or fluid that is accumulated by the reaction can obstruct your airway and make it very difficult to breathe properly.
According to Heuther and McCance (2012), asthma is considered a “chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial mucosa that causes hyperresponsiveness and constriction of the airways” (p. 688). Kumar and Ghosh (2009) reviewed the literature related to asthma pathogenesis. Their findings suggested that asthma is “characterized by airway inflammation and remodeling that leads to reversible airway obstruction” (p.1). Individuals who have chronic asthma remain in a constant state of potential overreaction to an inhaled trigger. The disease can be controlled through lifestyle modifications and individualized treatment plans.
Most of you may not think of asthma as a killer disease, yet more that 5,000 Americans die of asthma each year. According to the Mayo Clinic web page, asthma also accounts for more that 400,000 hospital discharges annually. As the number of people with asthma increases, the more likely you are to come in contact with a person who has the disease. As far as I can remember, I have had asthma my whole life. My mother and one of my sisters also have asthma, so I have a first hand experience with it. This morning, I will discuss some interesting facts about asthma, I will specifically focus on what it is, warning signs, symptoms, causes, and the treatments that are used.
Chronic bronchitis is a disorder that causes inflammation to the airway, mainly the bronchial tubules. It produces a chronic cough that lasts three consecutive months for more than two successive years (Vijayan,2013). Chronic Bronchitis is a member of the COPD family and is prominently seen in cigarette smokers. Other factors such as air pollutants, Asbestos, and working in coal mines contributes to inflammation. Once the irritant comes in contact with the mucosa of the bronchi it alters the composition causing hyperplasia of the glands and producing excessive sputum (Viayan,2013). Goblet cells also enlarge to contribute to the excessive secretion of sputum. This effects the cilia that carry out the mechanism of trapping foreign bodies to allow it to be expelled in the sputum, which are now damaged by the irritant making it impossible for the person to clear their airway. Since the mechanism of airway clearance is ineffective, the secretion builds up a thickened wall of the bronchioles causing constriction and increasing the work of breathing. The excessive build up of mucous could set up pneumonia. The alveoli are also damaged enabling the macrophages to eliminate bacteria putting the patient at risk for acquiring an infection.
Asthma itself is an inflammatory disease characterized by increased airway responsiveness due to a variety of stimulus. The inflammation causes the hyper-responsiveness than in turn causes bronchiolar smooth muscle constriction, resulting in obstruction of airflow. Some “triggers” of asthma include:
A person who experiences perpetual shortness of breath or hears a whistle-like sound in their chest when they breathe, is more than likely to have asthma. Asthma is a chronic disease/condition in which the airways in a person’s body are inflamed and produce extra mucus, which makes breathing troublesome. In addition, the bronchial tubes, passageways that allow air to enter the lungs and come back out, are narrowed, which makes it even more difficult to breathe. Breathing is essential for humans to survive and carries out important functions in our bodies. This disease is very common in the United States, about 1 in 12 people (about 25 million) have asthma, and the numbers are increasing every year.
Even though there is no cure for asthma, there are two main types of medication used for the treatment of it. The first is long term medication that aids in decreasing the inflammation of a person’s airways and also serves as a preventative measure for symptoms and asthma attacks. These medicines are usually anti-inflammatory drugs that are taken daily to reduce future symptoms, but do not act as a quick fix...