Intelligence is the ability to think to imagine creating memorizing and understanding, recognizing patterns, making choices adapting to change and learn from experience. Artificial intelligence concerned with making computers behave like humans more human like fashion and in much less time then a human takes. Hence it is called as Artificial Intelligence. Artificial intelligence is different from psychology because it emphasis on computation and is different from computer science because of its emphasis on perception, reasoning and action. It makes machines smarter and more useful.[2] Fig 1. Overview of Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence can be divided into parts according to philosophy of AI.
1. Strong AI
2. Weak AI
Strong
Thus Strong AI claims that in near future we will be surrounded by such kinds of machine which can completely works like human being and machine could have human level intelligence.
Weak AI
Weak AI,also known as narrow AI, is an AI system that is designed and trained for a particular task. Weak AI simply states that thinking like features can be easily added to computer to make them more useful tools and this already started to happen. For example, when a human player plays chess against a computer, the human player may feel as if the computer is actually making impressive moves. But the chess application is not thinking and planning at all.[3] Fig.2 Areas of A.I.
Turing Test:The Turing test is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior. The test was introduced by Alan Turing in his 1950 paper Computing Machinery and Intelligence. The original question behind this test was “Can machines think? “. The test proceeds as follows a human judge engages in a natural language conversation with one human and one machine, each of which tries to appear human. All participants are placed in isolated locations. If the judge cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. In order to test the machine's intelligence rather than its ability to render words into audio, the conversation is limited
AREAS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
A. Language understanding: The ability to "understand" and respond to the natural language. To translate from spoken language to a written form and to translate from one natural language to another natural language.
1.1 Speech Understanding
1.2 Semantic Information Processing (Computational Linguistics)
1.3 Question Answering
1.4 Information Retrieval
1.5 Language Translation
B. Learning and adaptive systems: The ability to adapt behavior bagged on previous experience, and to develop general rules concerning the world based on such experience.
2.1 Cybernetics
2.2 Concept Formation
C. Problem solving: Ability to formulate a problem in a suitable representation, to plan for its solution and to know when new information is needed and how to obtain it.
3.1 Inference (Resolution-Based Theorem Proving, Plausible Inference and Inductive Inference)
3.2 Interactive Problem Solving
3.3 Automatic Program Writing
3.4 Heuristic Search [5]
D. Perception (visual): The ability to analyze a sensed scene by relating it to an internal model which represents the perceiving organism's "knowledge of the world." The result of this analysis is a structured set of relationships between entities in the
“A true AI [artificial intelligence] would have immense economic potential, and when money is at stake, safety issues get put aside until real problems develop—at which time, of course, it may already be too late” (Sotala). The development of artificial intelligence technology has grown concern from society to whether or not it would be beneficial for the world as a whole. Artificial intelligence is known as artificial beings, or “robots”, that have a human-like intelligence. The use of this technology would cause more problems than solutions. However, many individuals believe that the use of artificial intelligence would bring positive results. Despite its potential, artificial intelligence technology would not be beneficial for society because human intelligence is hard to mimic, it would cause a threat to mankind and decrease jobs.
Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines intelligence as the capacity to apprehend facts and propositions, to reason about them, and the ability to understand them and their relations to each other. A. M. Turing had this definition in mind when he made his predictions and designed his test, commonly known as the Turing test. His test is, in principle, simple. A group of judges converse with different entities, some computers and some human, without knowledge of which is which. The job of the judges is to discern which entity is a computer. Judges may ask them any question they like, "Are you a computer?" excepted, and the participants may answer with anything they like, and in turn, ask questions of the judges. The concept of the test is not difficult, but creating an entity capable of passing the test with current technology is virtually impossible.
...ing Test and scientists of AI have different opinions about it. However there are some facts of which we can be sure of. The Turing Test was invented by a great scientist, it has had a long and rich history of 55 years and has played an important role in the science of Artificial Intelligence.
The Turing Test Approach: The Turing test was proposed Alan Turing (1950) .This test was designed to test that whether a particular machine can think or not. The test involves a human interrogator who interacts with a human and with a machine and has to tell who is human and which one is machine. The computer passes the test if an interrogator after posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written response is coming from human or from the machine.
Despite the wide use (and misuse) of terms such as intelligent systems, there is no widely agreed-upon scientific definition of intelligence. It is then useful to think of intelligence in terms of an open collection of attributes. There is a list of attributes that are seen as the general characteristics of intelligence and a few examples of these are Communication, adaptation, and reasoning. AI systems do not come anywhere close to exhibiting any of these characteristics, except for in narrow areas.
Artificial intelligence(AI) is refer to as computer algorithms that show functions that represent intelligence or duplicate certain components and elements of intelligence (Novella, 2017). Computers are good at crunching numbers, running algorithms, recognizing patterns, and searching and matching data. Artificial intelligence is also defined as the stimulation of human intelligence, functioned or processed by machines, especially computer system (Rouse, 2016). These processes involved learning which means the acquisition of information and the rules for using the information, reasoning whereby using the rules to achieve approximate conclusions, and lastly is self-correction. AI has applications in almost every way we use computers in society (Smith, 2006).
Psychologists adhering to strong AI such as information processing psychologists believe that nonhuman machines can duplicate human intelligence and those adhering to weak AI such as humanistic and rationalistic psychologists believe that nonhuman machines can only simulate human intelligence. The Humanistic psychologists believe that humans have so many unique characteristics such as creativity, and the innate tendency to self-actualization that they cannot be duplicated. Thinking, according to strong AI, is the manipulation of symbols according to rules, and because computer programs manipulate symbols according to rules, they think. For the proponents of strong AI, computers do not simulate human cognitive processes instead they duplicate
In the 1940s and 1950s scientists began to discuss the possibility of creating an artificial brain. Research sped up after neurologists discovered that the brain is an electrical network of neurons. Then, in 1950, Alan Turing published a paper in which he discussed the possibility of creating machines that think. Since "thinking" is difficult to define, he created the “Turing Test.” The test stated that a machine could “think” if it was able to carry on a teleprinter conversation that was indistinguishable from a human
Essentially, this means humanity is attempting to create a being that can think for itself and have emotions, but is not biological. If this technology is developed, it could mean that big corporations can use this technology to manipulate the public. If artificial intelligence becomes able to detect emotions from humans, companies can use this tactic to make people believe that these robots care for them. Detecting emotions can lead to synthetic reactions from the robot, which can be misinterpret as real emotions from the artificial technology. Robots will never feel all human emotions because they are not biological creatures, for example robots can never feel hunger because they do not have hormones or DNA (Maciamo Hay). Additionally, if big companies get their hands on strong A.I., they can truly learn about human emotions and thinking processes from a logically point of view. Researching and testing on strong artificial intelligence will allow these companies to gain information about the human mind and how it functions; this can be dangerous because they could potentially use this newly found information against the public. Catering their ads, products, and services to human weaknesses is now possible through strong A.I. This new form of data can be implemented into every new design and business plan rendering humans to become
Artificial intelligence involves two basic ideas. First, it involves studying the thought processes of human beings. Second, it deals with representing those processes via machines (like computers, robots, etc.).
Imagine asking your computer to do something in the same way you would ask a friend to do it. Without having to memorize special commands that only it could understand. For computer scientists this has been an ambitious goal; that can further simplify computers. Artificial Intelligence, a system that can mimic human intelligence by performing task that usually only a human can do, usually has to use a form of natural language processing. Natural language processing, a sub-field of computer science and artificial intelligence, concerns the successfully interaction between a computer and a human. Currently one of the best examples of A.I.(Artificial Intelligence) is IBM 's Watson. A machine that gained popularity after appearing on the show
In order to see how artificial intelligence plays a role on today’s society, I believe it is important to dispel any misconceptions about what artificial intelligence is. Artificial intelligence has been defined many different ways, but the commonality between all of them is that artificial intelligence theory and development of computer systems that are able to perform tasks that would normally require a human intelligence such as decision making, visual recognition, or speech recognition. However, human intelligence is a very ambiguous term. I believe there are three main attributes an artificial intelligence system has that makes it representative of human intelligence (Source 1). The first is problem solving, the ability to look ahead several steps in the decision making process and being able to choose the best solution (Source 1). The second is the representation of knowledge (Source 1). While knowledge is usually gained through experience or education, intelligent agents could very well possibly have a different form of knowledge. Access to the internet, the la...
Artificial Intelligence is the scientific theory to advance the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behavior and their embodiment in machines. This is going to hold the key in the future. It has always fa...
Shyam Sankar, named by CNN as one of the world’s top ten leading speakers, says the key to AI evolvement is the improvement of human-computer symbiosis. Sankar believes humans should be more heavily relied upon in AI and technological evolvement. Sankar’s theory is just one of the many that will encompass the future innovations of AI. The next phase and future of AI is that scientists now want to utilize both human and machine strengths to create a super intelligent thing. From what history has taught us, the unimaginable is possible with determination. Just over fifty years ago, AI was implemented through robots completing a series of demands. Then it progressed to the point that AI can be integrated into society, seen through interactive interfaces like Google Maps or the Siri App. Today, humans have taught machines to effectively take on human jobs, and tasks that have created a more efficient world. The future of AI is up to the creativity and innovation of current society’s scientists, leaders, thinkers, professors, students and
Artificial intelligence is defined as developing computer programs to solve complex problems by applications of processes that are analogous to human reasoning processes. Roughly speaking, a computer is intelligent