Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Intelligence is a key component to the vision for human-centric computing. Within the wide arena of artificial intelligence, expert systems could become useful for completing specific complex tasks. AI will remain valuable regardless of whether we're able to build fully- functioning robots or human-esque brains. AI, the harnessing of intelligence on the computer, will turn complex thought processes into fast computer simulations; it will be used to analyze past events and predict the future. "The ability of these systems to explain the reasoning process through back-traces and to handle levels of confidence and uncertainty provides an additional feature that conventional programming can't handle." (PC AI) The possibilities are endless.
Vision
The vision of expert systems is straight forward: to replace complex human thought processes and tasks with computer programs using Artificial Intelligence. For example, create a "stock broker" program to analyze stock prospects. Or create a program to make a decision on whether or not to hire somebody. The fun doesn't stop there: many complex tasks can be done by computers using Expert Systems. This is done by emulating human logic on a machine. For example, an expert system for die polishing was developed: "Several studies on the decision making for polishing sequence and conditions using an expert system in the polishing process have been reported." (Ahn) Also, "Tricks from neural networks and expert systems are used in a smart-vision engine called AIMS-an automatic inspection and management system for finished printed-circuit boards, specifically printed-wiring assembly and high-density interconnect." (Johnson) In the overall vision of human-centric computing, this means that people will one day be able to go to their computers, and not only have the interface of the machine built around them, but the machine will be able to be an "expert" in any number of areas; allowing them to perform complex analysis on data or perhap! s aid them in the creation of any number of things.
Objective
As the speed of computers increases, and the complexity of AI routines increases, the computer industry should be able to create software applications that replace many of the complex human thought processes. The computer industry should be able to economically create systems to do such tasks as analyze data, create data to meet your needs, and more. This should increase the productivity of the World's work force by greatly. This is the ultimate in human-centric computing applications; with this technology, our most complex work will be done easily on the computer.
Of all the technological developments of the modern age, none is as complex as artificial intelligence. The idea that a non-human, manufactured entity could advance to a point of emulating human behavior is enough to make people shiver. The idea of something so advanced that we will not be able to tell the difference may be even worse. In 1961 Philip Dick wrote Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. It portrayed a world with these exact characteristics. Artificial Intelligence had advanced to a point of near-perfect human replication. In creating this world, Dick was echoing the speculations and fears of a.i. that had build up by that time. It would then continue to influence those opinions in the years after.
Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath is a realistic novel that mimics life and offers social commentary too. It offers many windows on real life in midwest America in the 1930s. But it also offers a powerful social commentary, directly in the intercalary chapters and indirectly in the places and people it portrays. Typical of very many, the Joads are driven off the land by far away banks and set out on a journey to California to find a better life. However the journey breaks up the family, their dreams are not realized and their fortunes disappear. What promised to be the land of milk and honey turns to sour grapes. The hopes and dreams of a generation turned to wrath. Steinbeck opens up this catastrophe for public scrutiny.
The first aspect of the novel that must be looked at when screening its symbolic content, is that of the characters created by Steinbeck and how even the smallest facets of their personalities lead to a much larger implication for the reader. The first goal Steinbeck had in mind was to appeal to the common Midwesterner of that era. The best way to go about doing this was to use religion and hardship, two categories equally entrenched in the mores of that time. He creates a story about the journey of a specific family, the Joad's, and mirrors it to that of biblical events. Each family group throughout the nov...
In the early 1930s, vast dust storms and droughts in the Midwest region of the United States left homes destroyed and farmlands unfertile. This time period was known as the “Dust Bowl”, which lasted about ten years. This greatly impacted the lives of many who lived in this region, particularly the southwest, who were hit the worst with the storms (Nelson, "About the Dust Bowl."). Those who made a living off of their farmland could no longer support their families due to the lack of income because of the drought. This led to a great migration of families westward toward California in order to find jobs, food, and shelter. The immense hardships faced during this migration caused many families and individuals to work for very little money, reside in unsanitary camps, and face extreme conditions. Those who were unfortunate enough to not find work ended up homeless, jobless, and would ultimately die of starvation. An excellent example of this occurs in John Steinbeck’s international bestseller The Grapes of Wrath, where the Joad family is forced to migrate westward and must face adversity head on after being hit with an enormous dust storm and losing their valuable farmland. In order to illustrate how Steinbeck’s novel represents themes of family commitment and losses of sanity within society during this era, many analysts and literary critics have used characterization, conflict, and the theory of new historicism within the novel to break down these particular themes.
In The Grapes of Wrath, Stienbeck illustrates such powerful images using his own values. When the Joad family starts deciding to move to California for a better life, the story begins. Tom comes home from prison and the family is reunited. The hopes of all are refreshed and the move seems to be a good idea. And here we have one of Steinbecks greatest value, the family or the group, and the ties that lie within it. This value is seen through many different examples in this novel.
In the year of 1939, the Great Depression affected the lives of many located within the United States. This was a severe, and most widespread depression which affected people across the world. For the reason that there was a fall of the stock market, a drought ravaged the agricultural heartland. Those who were dependent on their farmland to provide for their families became imposed by coercion to retreat and re-locate their entire families. This migration was a struggle during this period because the lack of resources and money to survive. Among other elements, starvation and homelessness caused many to die at an early age. John Steinbeck's, The Grapes of Wrath, exhibits the Joad's, a family who undergoes the collapse of the agrarian lifestyle, while forced to move their entire family to possibly a more advantageous situation. This presumed liberating destination California, is supposed to provide a positive outlook on the future of the Joad family. Similar to other families, the Joad's migrated towards an aspiration of a better life. Although there was a collaboration of feelings regarding this immense transition, a sense of struggle and hesitancy was prevalent as well. Within this complex struggle, there were different components created known as macro factors, which arose and ultimately affected the many families directly related to the situation.
The traditional human family represents a necessary transition between self and community. In the difficult era of the 1930's, the family's role shifted to guard against a hostile outside world rather than to provide a link with it. With the drought in the Dust Bowl and other tragedies of the Great Depression, many were forced to look beyond the traditional family unit and embrace their kinship with others of similar necessity. In his novel The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck uses the theme of strength through unity to comment on the relationship between the dissolution of individual families and the unification of the migrant people. The journey of the Joad family west illustrates this as they depart a parched Oklahoma, arrive in a hostile California, and eventually settle in amongst others as unwelcome there as they are.
John Steinbeck’s heart-rending, epic novel, The Grapes of Wrath, set during The Great Depression, clearly depicts human struggles, futile dreams, and turbulent futures. Steinbeck introduces the Joad family and their constant struggles, but one member, Ma Joad, holds the family together with her courage, hope, and love.
Bin Laden was born in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia either in 1957 or in 1958 (Davis 1). He was the 17th of 52 children born to Mohammed Bin Laden, a Yemeni Immigrant who worked with the Bush Family and owns the largest construction company in the Saudi Kingdom ( Davis 1). He was really blessed growing up as he and his sibling have a mass fortune and a luxurious life. All of his siblings were educated in the west and went to work for his father. Bin Laden stayed close to home. He went to school in Jeddah and was a really successful student. Like typical Saudi Arabian men, he married young and joined the Islamist Muslim Brotherhood. Islam was more than just a religion; it shaped his political beliefs and influenced every decision he
The official foundations for "artificial intelligence" were set forth by A. M. Turing, in his 1950 paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" wherein he also coined the term and made predictions about the field. He claimed that by 1960, a computer would be able to formulate and prove complex mathematical theorems, write music and poetry, become world chess champion, and pass his test of artificial intelligences. In his test, a computer is required to carry on a compelling conversation with humans, fooling them into believing they are speaking with another human. All of his predictions require a computer to think and reason in the same manner as a human. Despite 50 years of effort, only the chess championship has come true. By refocusing artificial intelligence research to a more humanlike, cognitive model, the field will create machines that are truly intelligent, capable of meet Turing's goals. Currently, the only "intelligent" programs and computers are not really intelligent at all, but rather they are clever applications of different algorithms lacking expandability and versatility. The human intellect has only been used in limited ways in the artificial intelligence field, however it is the ideal model upon which to base research. Concentrating research on a more cognitive model will allow the artificial intelligence (AI) field to create more intelligent entities and ultimately, once appropriate hardware exists, a true AI.
Al Qaeda is leading by Osama bin laden that was born and grown up in Saudi Arabia; his family was very rich and respected by Saudi Royal household and the public. When he finished his University in Saudi Arabia, he becomes an extreme religious person. Osama started to help Islamist movement against communist in Yemen (Gunaratna, 2005) . In December 1997 when Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan he went to Pakistan and then Afghanistan to help Afghan group to protect it from Soviet Union. At the time a Palestinian Jordanian, Dr Abdullah Azzam esta...
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the newest fields in Science and Engineering. Work started in earnest soon after World War II, and the name itself was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy. Artificial Intelligence is an art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when performed by people [Kurzweil, 1990]. It encompasses a huge variety of subfields, ranging from general (learning and perception) to the specific, such as playing chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, driving a car on the crowded street, and diagnosing diseases. Artificial Intelligence is relevant to any intellectual task; it is truly a Universal field. In future, intelligent machines will replace or enhance human’s capabilities in
Osama Bin Laden was born into Muslim family on the 10th of March, 1957 Osama’s full name is Osama Bin Mohammed Bin Awed Bin Laden. This stands for “Osama, son of Mohammed, son of Awed, son of Laden. His birth place is in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and the place of his death was in Abottabad Pakistan. Osama was raised under a strict Islam family. He was one of 50 children and he was the seventh born. Osama’s father died in a plane crash when Osama was just 10 years old. Bin Laden had been persuaded into the Muslim brotherhood at the age of 14. He studied/Practiced religion in most of his time, but he was also an avid reader.
Artificial Intelligence played a crucial role in our American history and the history of the world. Some view it as the vain pursuit of man to become god-like and create life, others, as the next logical step in computer technology. However, the conclusion is not nearly the most important part of it. The process of the pursuit of the creation of mechanical sentient life has also led to a much deeper understanding of how our own biological minds work, creating new methods to treat brain diseases, and other brain related disorders. Through this, life is longer sustained, but modern life itself would not exist without some AI programs today. Several AI programs control the stock market, and the military has countless uses for it, and we even rely on it at home. AI has advanced greatly since it began, bringing neurology with it, and modern America could not function today without it.
In our world, intelligence is often associated with geniuses and being smart. It is thought of as being able to obtain and understand vast amount of information. However, as technology improves and becomes more advanced, intelligence has acquired numerous meanings. Intelligence is defined as the ability to achieve goals through computational process. Although intelligence is only studied in humans, is it possible that machines may be more “intelligent” than those who created the machines in the first place?