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Artificial insemination research paper
Artificial insemination research paper
An assignment about artificial insemination
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Artificial Insemination plays a key role in the overall quality of livestock. By tracking the development of AI the reader will gain the understanding of the genetic advancement made possible by artificial insemination giving us higher conception rates, more sire selection, ease of calving, and history and future of AI. AI continues to advance the genetic make-up of domesticated livestock. One may also talk about embryo transfer, ampules of semen vs. straws of semen (today's use), and Donor cow/super ovulation of cows. With completing the Artificial Insemination Training class, one is able to get the hands on training necessary to breed cows effectively and get the highest conception rate made possible by the help of a certified AI technician.
Conception rate is the percentage of months or treatment cycles that result in a pregnancy. The quality of bull semen grows greater with advancements in technology. Conception rate is vitally important when it comes to artificially inseminating livestock. “Heat detection efficiency (rate) is defined as the percentage of eligible cows that are actually seen or detected in heat” (Oklahoma State University 3164-2). Conception rate is huge when it comes to the success of your breeding, so you must be sure the cow is in the right stage of the estrus cycle to give you the highest conception rate possible for that specific cow, as well as the herd. The estrus cycle of a cow is a series of events and hormonal changes that repeat about every twenty-one days; however, this can vary from eighteen to twenty-four days cows that are not pregnant. The first event occurs on day zero, when a follicle or a fluid-filled blister-like membrane produces estrogen which initiates heat behavior to begin the estru...
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...ve manor for breeders worldwide” (Bob Grass). “Artificial Insemination is often used in animals to multiply possible offspring of prized animals” (Columbian Electronic Encyclopedia-1).“Supervised instruction and guidance of semen handling and placement are essential because without adequate training, valuable AI equipment, and semen, could be seriously damaged” (Oklahoma State University-1). The First use of semen was in ampules (a small bottle of semen), now days the use of straws of semen makes them much easier to handle. Straws come in two different sizes, quarter cc and half cc which refers to the amount of semen in the straw. Spallanzani was the first person to use AI (1784) in a dog. Some AI work, had been used in the early 1900’s in Denmark, mostly with horses. Using frozen semen, AI was first utilized in dairy cattle in the United States around 1950.
... reproduction for understanding human reproduction, using computer programs and 3-D model. There has been a lot of research on how the egg binds with the sperm. The main evidence uncovered to support the main body of the article was observing the chicken reproduction to show how the egg was fertilized.
There are many reasons why breeders may want to synchronize the estrus cycle in a mare. When using cooled or frozen semen for an artificial insemination, synchronization of the estrus cycle can greatly increase the effectiveness of the breeding(s). There is a limited amount of time in which the mare is able to get pregnant, by synchronizing her estrus cycle, her chances of ovulating during that small window of time is greatly increased. Estrus synchronization allows breeders to coordinate several different mares’ ovulations in order to prepare them for embryo or oocyte tr...
America is one of the world’s largest producers of beef. According to Raloff (2002), approximately 36 million beef cattle are raised in America each year, and approximately two-thirds are treated with hormones (para.2). Farmers use these hormones to increase the rate of growth in their cattle. By increasing the cattle’s growth rate, the farmers can produce more beef and still making more money, they can sell it at an inexpensive rate to the consumers. The hormones that may be administered to beef and dairy cattle may already be produced, in small amounts, naturally in their own bodies or synthetic. According to the U.S. Department of Food and Drug Administration (2002), “the accepted naturally occurring hormones that may be administered to beef and milk producing cattle are estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and the synthetic hormones that are accepted are zeranol, trenbolone acetate, and melengestrol acetate.” None of the hormones listed above are acceptable in the industries in Europe to give for the food and milk productions.
For many years, infertile couples have had difficulty facing the reality that they can not have children. According to Nidus Information Services Incorporated, 6.2 million women in the United States are infertile. This problem leads to many options. A few options have been used for a long period of time: the couple could adopt a child or keep trying to have a child themselves. For those couples that want to have their own children, there are new options arising. In vetro fertilization is an option that gives couples the chance to have a doctor combine the male's sperm and the woman's eggs in a petri dish and implant them into the woman's womb after the artificial conception. This may result in multiple pregnancies - more than five in some cases. This does not only occur in implantation, however. Many times the patient's doctor will ask her to consider selective reduction: aborting a few fetuses to save the ones she can. In a case of multiple pregnancy, selective reduction should be considered an option.
Infertility is the inability to conceive any children after 12 months of trying to conceive after having unprotected sex. The infertility condition can be present in both partners. The cause may be physical, including immature sexual organs, abnormalities of the reproductive system, hormonal imbalance, and dysfunction or abnormalities in other organ systems, or it may result from psychologic or emotional problems. There are treatments for men or women like drugs, assisted reproductive technology, in vitro fertilization (IVF), artificial insemination, and surgery.
In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) is a complex series of procedures used to help those who want children but struggle with infertility. The process consists of extracting eggs from a woman and collecting a man’s sperm sample then manually combining them in a lab dish. Once the embryo(s) are created they are transferred to a woman’s uterus. IVF is commonly used in woman who cannot conceive on their own due to different reasonings. “These include but are not limited to blocked or damaged fallopian tubes, male factor infertility, woman with ovulation disorders, genetic disorders, woman who have had their fallopian tubes removed and unexplained infertility.” (American Pregnancy)
What is Artificial Implantation? Artificial Implantation or IUI is a technique used to help treat infertility in both men and women. In this procedure, sperm are inserted directly into a woman's cervix, fallopian tubes, or uterus. By doing this it makes it possible for pregnancy to occur where is was not able to before. Infertility in men can be caused by many factors including having few or no sperm, having too large of veins in the testicials, and other injuries or illnesses to the testicials and sperm. Infertility in women can be caused by heavy alcohol and drug use, smoking, age, environmental toxins, stress, poor diet, athletic training, being overweight, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and many health issues (Women’s). As a result of these factors both men and women in 1981 artificial implantation and other fertility techniques resulted in over 200,000 babies being born that year and the numbers have rapidly grown over the years (Infertility). The technique of Artificial Implantation is discussed according to the diverse moral values of others; furthermore, throughout Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, moral values are also questioned over creating a human from something other than sexual reproduction.
The term reproductive coercion (RC) describes behaviors that assert control over an intimate partner’s reproductive autonomy (policy). This can include tampering with contraceptives to cause pregnancy (e.g, poking holes in condoms, destroying hormonal contraceptives, dislodging IUDs), or using physical or psychological means to coerce a female partner into becoming pregnant or terminating a pregnancy (policy). Although there are many studies classifying RC as intimate partner violence (milller et al), it is not recognized under the domestic violence laws in the United States (georgetown). Because RC is rarely brought into court, the perpetrators of the coercion avoid any legal repercussions, their partners continue to be victimized (citation
The addition of a child into a family’s home is a happy occasion. Unfortunately, some families are unable to have a child due to unforeseen problems, and they must pursue other means than natural pregnancy. Some couples adopt and other couples follow a different path; they utilize in vitro fertilization or surrogate motherhood. The process is complicated, unreliable, but ultimately can give the parents the gift of a child they otherwise could not have had. At the same time, as the process becomes more and more advanced and scientists are able to predict the outcome of the technique, the choice of what child is born is placed in the hands of the parents. Instead of waiting to see if the child had the mother’s eyes, the father’s hair or Grandma’s heart problem, the parents and doctors can select the best eggs and the best sperm to create the perfect child. Many see the rise of in vitro fertilization as the second coming of the Eugenics movement of the 19th and early 20th century. A process that is able to bring joy to so many parents is also seen as deciding who is able to reproduce and what child is worthy of birthing.
Aldous Huxley’s dystopian Brave New World is more than a warning against the dangers of technology; it is a prediction for the future that rings eerily true. Today we understand that many of the fantastical devices and practices imagined by Huxley are coming to life. Most notable is the practice of in vitro fertilization, something that was a mad scientist’s dream during Huxley’s time, and is today a commonplace practice. According to the National Institutes of Health, in vitro fertilization is “the joining of a woman’s egg and a man’s sperm in a laboratory dish” (Storck). The procedure was first performed successfully in 1978 and has since become widely used today by couples that desire a child and are unable to conceive by “natural” means.
The high summer temperatures is a major cause of poor quality semen formation in bulls and reduces sexual activities, as well as th...
As a young adult, it may seem foolish to predict what your future family life will look like, especially in regards to children. Often times this reality is forced upon a select few, particularly homosexual couples; however, with the innovation of in vitro fertilization (IVF), a couple is met with promise and the hope of a successful family life. IVF can be described as a process by which a fetus is genetically formed in a laboratory setting. Though this process may seem unnatural in essence, it allows for a more diverse family arrangement through medical innovation. This procedure, though controversial, is seen by many as an advancement in the medical field and can be accredited to procuring a healthy child for an unfortunate family, whether
Cows go through a cycle of impregnation, birth and milking. 9.3 million cows are used to produce milk while they're impregnated. "Cows spend their lives indoors, typically on hard, abrasive concrete floors, frequently connected to a milking apparatus" (Farm Sanctuary). Cows are slaughtered for beef in the United States. These cows used for human consumption live for an average of 5 years because they are exhausted after all the intense torturing. "Young calves endure a long and stressful journey to a feedlot, where they are fattened on an unnatural diet until they reach "market weight" and are sent to slaughter" (Farm Sanctuary). Animal abuse in the food industry has allowed the companies to get more money because of the food they
To start this off, conception is the action of conceiving a child, and pregnancy is the period from conception to birth. They both share the same meaning: the process of getting pregnant. Conception happens when a sperm penetrates on one of the female’s eggs. Then, at around day 14 of a 28 day cycle, the egg leaves the ovary, and it is surrounded by a protective layer of cells. The fallopian tube is lined with cilia, which helps move the egg towards the womb. This is called ovulation. In the next 12-24 hours, the egg waits to be fertilized by a single sperm. The sperm then swims through the womb to meet the egg in the fallopian tube. And the sperm secretes enzymes to help penetrate the outer layer of the egg. Once the
Unlike most organ systems in the human body, the reproductive system seems to snooze until the individual hits puberty (Marieb & Hoehn, 2013) – when the system reveals its true purpose: sexual reproduction. In the female reproductive system, the primary sex organs, also known as gonads, are the ovaries. The ovaries produces gametes: ova, which are homologous to the sperm produced by the male’s reproductive system. The female internal sex organs include the ovaries and the duct system. The duct system’s accessory ducts are the uterine tubes, the uterus, and the vagina – these are connected from the ovaries to the external genitalia. Ovaries also produce steroid sex hormones: estrogens and progesterone. These hormones have roles in the development and function of the reproductive organs, sexual behavior and drives, and the growth and development of many other organs and tissues. Specifically,