Scientists have been trying to create artificial blood since 1883 (Indian J Crit Care Med. 2008 Jul-Sep). Using real blood for medical causes has it’s problems, the blood used must be compatible with the patient, if it is not, it can cause sickness to the patient and their condition may escalate. This is just one of the many complications with using real blood. Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Plasma and Platelets are the main products extracted from donated blood, each of these products are used for something different and need to be included when artificial blood is created. Technologies centred around artificial blood include an Arterial Blood Gas Analyser and a Pulse Oximeter, these technologies allow measurements of oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide concentrations in blood which helps evaluate the ventilation, oxygenation, acid-base levels and oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. The development of artificial blood can eradicate any problems with blood transfusions in the future as an inexpensive and risk free alternative. An Arterial Blood Gas Analysis (ABGA) measures the oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide concentrations in blood, which indicates, how efficiently the lungs are distributing the carbon dioxide and oxygen to and from blood. (Medical Dictionary. 2003). It is an invasive machine that takes a small sample of blood from an artery and measures the oxygen levels using two electrodes; these electrodes produce an electric current after the oxygen has flown between them and through a membrane. The current produced is proportional to the volume of oxygen in the blood. However it is the pH levels of blood that measures the carbon dioxide concentrations. Knowing the blood’s pH levels, oxygen saturation and car... ... middle of paper ... ...herefore needs to be free of pathogens before it can be used. Finally, it must be compatible with the patient otherwise other illnesses may occur. Without research scientists wouldn’t have been able to look into donated blood and therefore they wouldn’t have began to develop artificial blood, making a doctors job much more difficult than it can be with this alternative way of transfusing blood. This report is proven to be reliable as I used many different sources from the internet, to text books, to HSC online. Before I used my information I made sure that the facts given were relatively the same on different sites. If the information was different I did not use it, and looked for stronger confirmation to back up my statements. In text references were used to show where I got certain material from, therefore giving further evidence that this information is reliable.
Because it is a way of knowing the pressure that the blood is putting on the walls of arteries and veins.
BioPure Corporation, which was founded in 1984 by entrepreneurs Carl Rausch and David Judelson, is a privately owned biopharmaceutical firm specializing in the ultra purification of proteins for human and veterinary use. In 1998 Biopure pioneered the development of oxygen therapeutics using “Hemoglobin”, a new class of pharmaceuticals that are intravenously administered to deliver oxygen to the body's tissues. Biopure's two products, Hemopure for human use, and Oxyglobin for animal veterinary use, both represented a new Oxygen based treatment approach for managing patients' oxygen requirements in a broad range of potential medical applications. The factor distinguishing Biopure’s two products from other blood substitute products being developed by two possible rivals, Baxter International and Northfeild Laboratories, is that its hemoglobin based source is bovine rather than human and was derived from the blood cells of cattle. Both of Biopure’s blood substitute products were in the final stages of the approval process of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1998. Oxyglobin had just received the FDA’s approval for commercial release declaring it safe and effective for medical use. Hemopure was entering final Phase 3 clinical trials and was optimistically expected to see final FDA approval for release in 1999. The FDA approval of Oxyglobin and its possible subsequent release into the veterinary market caused concern over whether the early release of Hemoglobin would impinge BioPure’s ability to price Hemopure when the product finally received approval. Given that the two products were almost identical in properties and function, it was thought that the early release of Oxyglobin would create an unrealistic price expectation for Hemopure if released first.
Harmening, D. M. (2005). Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices. Philidelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Company.
Umbilical cord blood was formerly believed of as a waste product. Now it is known that cord blood has two types of stem cells which offer multiple treatment possibilities (Waller-Wise, 2011). Cord blood contains hematopoietic stem cells and pluripotent stem cells. Hematopoietic stem cell can be utilized for regeneration of blood and immune system. Pluripotent stem cells have the capability to produce multiple tissue types of the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm (Einstein & Merkatz, 2008). Both types of stem cells show the ability to be adapted into the treatment of a substantial range of diseases including neurologic, cardiovascular, endocrine, orthopedic, and ophthalmic conditions (Einstein & Merkatz, 2008). Stem cells can be utilized by transplant. Four principal types of physical disease that can be treated with stem cell transplants including blood disorders, congenital metabolic disorders, immunodeficiencies, and certain cancers (Waller-Wise, 2011). Some examples of diseases are Sickle-cell anemia, Tay-Sachs’ disease, Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, certain leukemias, and many more (Waller-Wise, 2011). It is recommended that persons with family history of any of the known diseases that can be helped with stem cell transplant consider cord blood banking.
Charles Richard Drew was an African-American male born on June 3, 1904 in Washington D.C. He was very well-educated and intelligent, and he received his Doctor of Medical Science Degree in 1940 from Columbia University. During his residency at Columbia University’s Presbyterian Hospital, he became very interested in blood transfusions. Drew soon realized that the technology of blood transfusions was vastly limited; blood could only be stored for two days. He was determined to solve this dilemma because of the many lives it would save. Led by his motivation, Drew noticed that if the plasma was separated from the blood and the two were refrigerated separately, they could be combined up to a week later for a blood transfusion. He convinced Columbia University to start a blood bank and eventually established blood banks throughout Europe and the Pacific. Ironically, Drew died in 1950 after he had been severely injured in a car incident and wasn’t able to receive medical attention because of his race. According to an article entitled “Charles Drew,” “By the time he arrived at the more distant hospital for blacks he had lost so much blood that a transfusion was of no avail.” It was disputed whether or not Drew would have survived if given a blood transfusion immediately, and the story of his death angered many.
Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to identify blood types by using the blood type kit provided and referring to the hand out in order to see how the blood stains should appear on Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-C and the control.
Blood pressure is measured for one of two reasons, firstly to determine the patients blood pressure as a baseline prior to admission and secondly to monitor fluctuations within the blood pressure. Blood flow is defined as a volume of blood flowing from the heart through a vessel at any given time. Blood flow is equivalent to cardiac output. Resistance to the cardiac output is the opposit...
Blood doping could have opposite effect of those intended. A large infusion of red blood cells could increase blood thickness and cause a decrease in cardiac output and a reduction in oxygen content. Both would reduce aerobic capacity. The human heart was not designed to pump thickened blood throughout the body and, therefore, it could lead to a multitude of problems. The diseases that can be contracted from autologous blood transfusion are severe. Even more frightening is the list of diseases that can be contracted through homologous blood transfusion. It includes hepatitis, AIDS, malaria, and CMV. In addition, shock is a factor to be aware of.
It is particularly significant with kids, in addition to with costumes which entitle for blood close to the mouth, for example vampires. In order to formulate artificial blood, combine three portion of corn syrup along with one part of water, and then put in red food color gradually awaiting when you get the shade you wish for. But if you would like a dim, tanned shade to the blood, put in approximately few drops of chocolate syrup. On the way to solidify it, gradually combine in corn starch when it get to the preferred texture. The combination is going to be so gluey at start, however if the superiority assist it in stay then put it on throughout application.
In this day and age anyone can write anything and put it on the internet for everyone to read. You have to be diligent in separating fact from fiction. If you are skeptical you may have to do your own research to see where the information originated. Do not believe everything you read just because it states it was from a study as it may not be reliable or truthful. Both of these studies had interesting information, however since they both were lacking sufficient data it was hard to determine if the studies were completely honest and adequate or not.
The body's blood consists of many components, red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. Red blood cells deliver oxygen to your body and remove waste. Without them, your body would slowly die. They contain a protein chemical called hemoglobin, which gives it it’s red color. Also, hemoglobin contains Iron, making oxygen molecules attach to it so as the blood passes through tissue...
Is the information consistent with the information found in print sources, other Web sites, newsgroups, or mailing lists? Is the evidence contained within the source sufficient, reliable, and relevant to your topic? I have seen some of the same info from this site on other sites. It does match.
...the data did not involve member checking thus reducing its robustness and enable to exclude researcher’s bias. Although a constant comparative method was evident in the discussion which improved the plausibility of the final findings. Themes identified were well corroborated but not declared was anytime a point of theoretical saturation Thus, the published report was found to be particularly strong in the area of believability and dependability; less strong in the area of transferability; and is weak in the area of credibility and confirmability, although, editorial limitations can be a barrier in providing a detailed account (Craig & Smyth, 2007; Ryan, Coughlan, & Cronin, 2007).
Later in the 20th century, the technology as well as the methods have improved to proceed with such organ donations and transplants. Even though technology has proven to be far more efficient since the 1960’s; the advancement of technology first struggle to achieve a successful transplant to later keeping the heart functional while the patient is deceased, considering this procedure unethical early in it’s time (Reynolds). Still the United States and other countries later resumed this procedure while the technology continue to advance. This is why Organ donation should not be implemented into our society. In 1968, American Physician Starzl attempted to achieve a successful kidney transplant, but failed five times. The first patient bled to death, and the other four died the same day, or right after the surgery. For the cause of these failed procedures, it was argued that these specific types of surgeries should not be practiced. Since then there has been over 200,000 failed kidney transplants, killing thousands (understanding). Considering this procedure as
I have used this journal as a source to many of my researches before and I find them to be very reliable. Statistics stated in this particular article are well sourced, and I have not discovered any sourcing errors, as well as grammatical errors. This source is not objective, but it is not as biased as some of the other articles I have come across on the same topic. I do not believe that the article’s lack of objectivity takes away from its credibility. All of the claim are well documented, and the goal of this article is to bring light to the issue.