Article Review Of The Real Cheese
explanatory Essay
1101 words
Ethan Younas
RUID: 140002612
Infant and Child Development
Article Review
Article: Where is the Real Cheese? Young Children’s Ability to Discriminate Between Real and Pretend Acts by Lil Ma and Angeline S. Lillard
1. What is the aim/purpose of the study? (2 points)
The purpose of the study is to determine and discern the ability of children two to three years old to distinguish a real event from a pretend event. Children in the study examined two individuals performing the same acts, except one was actually performing the act and the other was pretending to perform the act. For instance, one act that was performed by performers in the study was eating real food versus replica food without any evidence about the content that was presented to them. Following the conclusion of the act by the performers, the child in the study was asked to discern the real food. Furthermore, the study determined that children three to two and a half years old are able to differentiate between someone actually eating real food and someone pretending to eat replica food centered only on the behavioral cues of the performers. Additionally, the article discussed probable reasons for the distinctive behaviors of the child in the study.
2. How did the investigators measure the topic of interest? (2 points)
The topic of interest was the comprehension of pretense for children between the ages of two and three years old based strictly on behavioral cues due to the lack of content information. The first experiment included fifty children in the final sample, which consisted of eighteen 2-year olds, sixteen 2.5 year olds, and sixteen 3-year olds as well as equal numbers of males and females at each age. Researchers measured the topic of interest by a p...
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...ng pretense based on behavioral cues alone without content information is a significant aspect of cognitive development for children. I do not believe that there were any problems in the design or methods used to perform this study that could affect the results and conclusions. That is because the researchers screened and pretested the children in the study. Furthermore, the children in the study were capable of setting a good demonstration of whether or not they could understand pretense at the ages of two to three years old. Additionally, I believe that the finding that two to two and a half year olds were not able to exhibit the knowledge they received explicitly was a due to the design of the experiment. If it were a longitudinal study the results would have been completely different or even if the trials were one by one with some rest in between for the child.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the purpose of the study, which is to determine and discern the ability of children two to three years old to distinguish between real and pretend acts.
- Explains how the investigators measured the topic of interest in children between the ages of two and three years old based strictly on behavioral cues.
- Explains that the children in the study were mostly from white, middle class families in a small southeastern american city. they were recruited from birth announcements and recruiting events.
- Explains the design of the study, which was experimental, cross-sectional, and longitudinal. it did not have a correlational design because there were no changing variables.
- Explains that three-year-old children were able to choose the correct bowl of food on their first trial, but their ability to discern it deteriorated in subsequent trials.
- Explains that they agree with most of the conclusions of this study, stating that the researchers screened and pretested the children in the study.
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- Children Overimitation Essayexplanatory essayless efficiency than younger children, suggesting that people may become more imitative as they mature, and selectively imitate particular models with high levels of fidelity (McGuigan et al., 2011). Also, children are more likely to overimitate the demonstrations from an adult versus a child (McGuigan et al., 2011). In addition, children tend to overimitate action when it comes from a knowledgeable teacher versus a naïve demonstrator (Buchsbaum, Gopnik, Griffiths, & Shafto, 2011). In other words, in the pedagogical case children are more likely to overimitate by reproducing the entire demonstrated sequence (Buchsbaum et al.,
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the language development research team and i are currently working on children's demonstration of imitation to different audiences.
- Explains that overimitation occurs when children observe an adult intentionally demonstrating on a novel object.
- Explains that mcguigan, makinson, and whiten (2011) suggest that a variety of factors influence children’s tendency to overimitate.
- Explains that people become more imitative as they mature, and selectively imitate particular models with high levels of fidelity. children tend to overimitate the demonstrations from an adult versus a child.
- Explains that the overimiation study is geared toward children between 5 and 7 years of age. the participants came from monolingual, english-speaking families from a predominantly middle-class community.
- Explains that children interacted with betty and the imx during the experiment. the purpose of the human audience wearing headphones was to control the audience’s ability to interact with the child.
- Explains that two different sets of lego blocks and an 8 inch red wooden stick were placed under the experimenter table and two green and one blue puzzle boxes were manually created for this study.
- Describes how the experimenter introduced each audience separately and informed children that these audiences would not be able to hear anything.
- Describes how the experimenter showed participants that both audiences could learn to do a simple task, which was to build an object out of lego blocks.
- Explains that children were taught to construct an object out of blocks and get a toy from puzzle boxes by observing the experimenter and then demonstrating the actions to two audiences.
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- Explains that m. was diagnosed with mild form of autism in his mid-20s. his parents didn't want him to see a speech specialist, which may have caused him not to get the correct diagnosis.
- Explains the need for more rigorous tests of children's ability to pretend to determine the place of pretending in their overall development. childhood psychotherapy would allow children with autism, high functioning autism and asperger’s syndrome to talk or use their imaginations with play doh.
- Explains the purpose of the study, which is to help children and teens gain independence and become overachievers in academic, vocational, and professional settings.
- Explains that the researcher randomly assigns people into three conditions: condition a, condition b, and condition c. high school special students between 14 and 21 study 30 hours a week.
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In this essay, the author
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- Analyzes how baillarageon and devos explain the history of jena paiget's theory. they highlight how people have gotten to their conclusions and assumptions about when infants obtain object permanence.
- Analyzes how mcleod focuses on defining the sensorimotor stage of piaget's developmental theory and the research of bower and wishart, which reveals a different approach to decipher when infants have object permanence.
- Analyzes how moore and meltzoff focus on how life without object permanence could still suffice.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains the alarming and surprisingly common behavior among developmentally disabled individuals is self-injurious behavior. the severity ranges from mild nail-biting to severe head-banging or choking.
- Explains that the research was conducted to better understand how self-injurious behaviors are maintained and how to correct them.
- Explains that the participants were nine children from the age of 19 months to 17 years, eight boys and one girl. all the children were developmentally delayed, and exhibited at least one type of self-injurious behavior.
- Explains that the dependent variable was the proportion of intervals of which self-injurious behavior occurred during.
- Opines that the researchers were able to conduct this study ethically even with the relatively small number of participants.
- Explains that four conditions were tested: social disapproval, academic demand, unstructured play, and self-injury. the average number of sessions per child was 30.
- Explains that the results of the study can be best characterized by a high level of variance.
845 wordsRead More - Fantasy Orientation in Childrenopinion essayWoolley, J. D., & Wellman, H. M. (1990). Young children’s understanding of realities, non-realities, and appearances. Child Development. 946–961.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the purpose of the fantasy orientation questionnaire to explore the same with the help of relevant literature and various scholarly researches.
- Explains that the ability to distinguish between fantasy and reality signifies an understanding of what is ‘real’ and ‘not real’. however, certain individuals are geared towards a greater affinity for the imaginative and creative.
- Explains that fantasy orientation is the inclination towards an imaginary world which gives comfort and solace. very limited studies have been conducted about the link between the development of cognitive ability of a child and its fantasy.
- Explains the role fantasy orientation plays in developing a child's skill. the impersonation interview, imaginary play predisposition, and taylor and carlson’s methods have proven empirically reliable.
- Explains that the questionnaire prepared by the research team after much assessment of the current methods used to evaluate fo is presented in the appendix.
- Recommends making the questionnaire as short as possible as its target audience is children aged two to five.
- Opines that children should feel attractive and familiar to the objects and images present in the questionnaire. this will make them take the test with interest and without fear.
- Explains that the results from the traditional fo questionnaire form showed similar results with a slight variance of 2% decrease. the main concern is the children's struggle in completing both the questionnaires.
- Explains gelman, s. a., and markman e. m. young children’s inductions from natural kinds: the role of categories and appearances.
- Explains that fantasy orientation constructs and related executive function development in preschool: developmental benefits to executive functions by being a fantasy-oriented child.
- Cites richert, r., and smith, e. (august, 2011). fantasy-prone children struggle to apply lessons from fantasy stories.
- Opines that television, imagination and aggression: a study of preschoolers.
- Explains sharon, t., and woolley, d. j. (2004). do monsters dream? young children’s understanding of the fantasy/reality distinction.
- Explains taylor, m., and carlson, s.m. the relations between individual differences in fantasy and theory of mind.
- Explains wellman, m., and estes, d. early understanding of mental entities: examinations of childhood realism. child development.
- Explains woolley, j. d., & wellman, h. m. young children’s understanding of realities, non-realities, and appearances. child development.
- Explains that children are able to distinguish between reality and non-reality even from the age of three. they can follow pretend transformations and slip in and out of interrupted fantasy play easily.
- Argues that prior research methodologies were overly simplistic, ignoring the more complex readings of children's feelings and understanding. the current methods used to measure fo are outdated though empirically proved.
- Explains that children are taught the property of an object and are then tested over the level to which they generalize that property. this method reveals the complexity and depth of children regarding such concepts.
- Explains that the questionnaire is visually appealing, with only a handful of images used repeatedly to avoid confusion from the children's part. the length is its major plus point and minus point.
- Compares the results of both the fo questionnaires through hierarchical linear regressions. the children had immense ability to distinguish between the fantasy and real life characters.
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In this essay, the author
- Describes the strengths and weaknesses of naturalistic observation through the key developmental milestones based in mary sheridan (2005) check-list.
- Explains why child observation is important for social workers because it focus on the problems that arise when a child's situation is not taken seriously and consequently have harsh consequences for both worker and child.
- Explains that child observation is relevant in social work because social workers deal with problematic situations, in which students have the opportunity to observe and reflect the characteristics of a child’s development in terms of physical and mental change.
- Explains that to gather information about the child, we should consider a few aspects like age, gender, place, time, environment, how is the children feeling and activities that they go through. it is relevant to emphasize the strengths of the observation when they are playing football.
- Explains that beckett (2002) states that there are four stages of cognitive development. the pre-operational stage is between eighteen months to seven years.
- Explains that the observation made them reflect and discover the child's interests, assess his developmental levels, and observe what strategies were being used to attain their goals.
- Explains the strengths of naturalistic observation as a method. the child was consistently moving and doing different activities that allowed them to understand how he communicates with other children, behaves, and learns from others.
- Explains that cognitive development allows the child to understand and interact with the environment and see things from the carer's point of view.
- Explains that the child's posture and movements are more developed at the age of three. he could walk alone, walk forward, backward and sideways.
- Explains the four theories that explain child development: biological explanation, social learning, psychodynamic and cognitive theory to understand what affects the child.
- Observes that the child was playing with many objects, such as a paper stick, watch on his wrist, and football. meadows (1986) affirmed that children enjoy play with materials that allow them to make constructions.
- Explains that children learn about the world through play and can develop skills. according to buckley (2003) children in the fourth year start to have power over their own focus of attention.
- Concludes child observation is a method to understand the child's world, how they react within their environment. every single context can change what the observer sees.
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In this essay, the author
- Explains how people advanced emotionally and socially before they did mentally. they spread ideas around the world by talking to others at the market or around town.
- Explains that the first activity they would use in their classroom would be any kind of art project that would strengthen the children's social and emotional development skills.
- Explains that a good game or activity for kids to play that would tie social and emotional skills together would be theater or improve.
- Explains lev vygotsky's "zone of proximal development" and albert banduras theory of how a person acts based on the environment of the child and their cognitive abilities.
- Explains montessori's belief that children have an exponential amount of opportunity to learn as long as they let them explore and learn on their own. the fine arts are a huge aspect of social and emotional development.
1276 wordsRead More - The article cites very little of the actual facts of the study making the claims harder to accept and more susceptible to critique. The study itself seems to have overlooked some added external effects and made some assumptions critical to the issue. One factor discussed in class is the size of the study and the people comprising the study. The study size is a decent study size of 37,000. However, the study does not specify some serious factors, such as family size, the structure of the family, the age of the participants and how long the study followed children.
In this essay, the author
- Explains clark's article, "childhood obesity may be linked to parenting styles," which discusses a study of canadian children and the finding that stricter parents have an effect on the obesity of the children
- Analyzes how the article cites very little of the actual facts of a study making the claims harder to accept and more susceptible to critique.
- Explains that the academic article, "in the name of the children: the gendered politics of childhood obesity," has views on childhood obesity and the affect of parents on the children.
- Explains that clark's article does not specify or analyze the socioeconomic status of the families included in the study.
- Analyzes how clark's article, "in the name of the child," does not address a possible difference between parents and fathers.
- Analyzes how clark's article concludes that diet alone is to blame for childhood obesity.
- Analyzes how the food industry in the united states has a great deal of influence on the american people.
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814 wordsRead More - outline and evaluate research into priavtionopinion essayA good thing about this research is the sample size, as there are 111 children involved in the study the results are more likely to be generalisable as its probable that the group is fairly diverse.
In this essay, the author
- Describes hodges and tizard's research into privation. they followed the development of 65 children who had lived in residential nurseries since they were a few months old.
- Opines that there are problems with longitudinal studies, such as not all participants remained throughout the study. some participants may move away and can't be contacted.
- Explains that questionnaires and interviews were used to collect the data, which is a problem because those who answered them may have guessed what hodges and tizard were looking for in the answers.
- Opines that the research was a natural experiment that had high validity as the participants would've acted normally, but the independent variable wasn't being controlled.
- Explains that rutter et al conducted research into privation involving 111 romanian orphans who were adopted into british families.
- Opines that the sample size is a good thing, as there are 111 children involved in the study. however, the babies who were adopted before the age of 6 months may not experience privation as they would still be fairly young.
643 wordsRead More - The Importance of Imitation in Early Child Development?analytical essayThe amount of study this developmental feature has attracted is indicative of its importance in respect of cognitive development. As a precursor to planning, reasoning and decision-making, imitation is a vital first step on the path to internal symbolization and abstract representation. Additionally, imitation between mother and infant allows the infant to learn through repetition of event that it is effective as a means of communication and is the beginning of representation of the mother offering an expected response. It is arguable that this is a foundation in social relatedness and actual cognitive thought in infants.
In this essay, the author
- Argues that a study of infant imitation conducted by meltzoff and moore contradicts piaget's constructivist position by arguing that imitation does not develop but instead is present from birth.
- Evaluates the importance of imitation in infancy using the theory of piaget.
- Explains that meltzoff and moore investigated imitation in twelve infants aged two weeks using a similar procedure to the first study.
- Cites jacobson, s. w., kaye, k. and mandler, j. m. in bancroft, d.
- Cites uzgiris, i. and hunt, j. mcv. in bancroft, d., the foundations of child development.
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