Arizona Concrete

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Arizona Concrete

According to the Mine Faculty at the University of Arizona, cement is

manufactured primarily from suitable limestone and shale rocks. Arizona had two

dry-process cement plants in 1969, namely the Arizona Portland Cement Company

plant in Pima County, near Tucson, and the American Cement Corporation plant at

Clarkdale, in Yavapai County (52-53).

The use of cementing materials goes back to the ancient Egyptians and

Romans, but the invention of modern portland cement is usually attributed to

Joseph Aspdin, a builder in Leeds, England, who obtained a patent for it in 1824.

Currently, the annual world production of portland cement is around 700 million

metric tons (Danbury).

Many people use the words concrete and cement interchangeably, but

they're not. Concrete is to cement as a cake is to flour. Concrete is a mixture

of ingredients that includes cement but contains other ingredients also (Day 6-

7).

Portland cement is produced by pulverizing clinker consisting

essentially of hydraulic calcium silicates along with some calcium aluminates

and calcium aluminoferrites and usually containing one or more forms of calcium

sulfate (gypsum) as an interground addition. Materials used in the manufacture

of portland cement must contain appropriate proportions of calcium oxide, silica,

alumina, and iron oxide components. During manufacture, analyses of all

materials are made frequently to ensure a uniformly high quality cement.

Selected raw materials are crushed, milled, and proportioned in such a

way that the resulting mixture has the desired chemical composition. The raw

materials are generally a mixture of calcareous (calcium oxide) material, such

as limestone, chalk or shells, and an argillaceous (silica and alumina) material

such as clay, shale, or blast-furnace slag. Either a dry or a wet process is

used. In the dry process, grinding and blending operations are done with dry

materials. In the wet process, the grinding and blending are done with the

materials in slurry form. In other respects, the dry and wet processes are very

much alike.

After blending, the ground raw material is fed into the upper end of a

kiln. The raw mix passes through the kiln at a rate controlled by the slope and

rotational speed of the kiln. Burning fuel (powdered coal, oil, or gas) is

forced into the lower end of the kiln where temperatures of 2600°F to 3000°F

change the raw material chemically into cement clinker, grayish-black pellets

about the size of 1/2-in.-diameter marbles.

The clinker is cooled and then pulverized. During this operation a small

amount of gypsum is added to regulate the setting time of the cement. The

clinker is ground so fine that nearly all of it passes through a No.

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