Aquatic Ancestor
Closest living species to a possible land plant ancestor
Group of green algae
Called charophyceans
Algae & land plant similarities
Both contain chlorophylls a & b
Have chloroplasts with stacks of thylakoids
Store starch in plastids
Cellulose in cell walls
Go through Alternation of generations life cycle Living in Aquatic Environments
Plants surrounded by water so don't dry out
Sperm swims to egg
Water supports plants
Plants stay in upper surface near light
Absorbs nutrients from the H20
Problems
Need minerals
Gravity
Increase in Height for light
Adaptations for drier environment
Reproduction
Solutions
Roots
Lignin and cellulose
Vascular
Waxy cuticle and stomata
Pollen
Multicellular
Autotrophic (photosynthesis)
Chlorophyll
As a result of these factors, the flora has adapted to these conditions in a variety of ways including their shape, leaf type, root system, and color. One of the most prominent adapt...
In the early 1800’s, a new discovery that left paleontologists in awe was the fossil finding of the immeasurable amount of species of reptiles, Ichthyosaurs. Greek for “fish lizards”, these fossils were found all over the world. Because these large aquatic reptiles migrated just as whales do today, paleontologists have had the amazing advantage of collecting fascinating bone fragments throughout the past 177 years. Ichthyosaurs swam the ocean life from about 245 million until about 90 million years ago- approximately the same time dinosaurs ruled the land. The earliest Ichthyosaur fossil findings were in parts of Canada, China, Japan, and possibly Thailand. Countless fossils came from coatings of limestone produced out of the ocean-floor ooze that was predominantly superior at preserving very well facts of the creatures it digested (Perkins 2).
The species A. afarensis is one of the better known australopithecines, with regards to the number of samples attributed to the species. From speculations about their close relatives, the gorilla and chimpanzee, A. afarensis’ probable social structure can be presumed. The species was named by Johanson and Taieb in 1973. This discovery of a skeleton lead to a heated debate over the validity of the species. The species eventually was accepted by most researchers as a new species of australopithecine and a likely candidate for a human ancestor.
The underwater flatfish is bilateral.Bilateral is you can divide in half and is the same on both sides. The underwater flatfish is a long curved oval shape worm.It has a distinctive rich pattern of stripes in black,brown,and rose gold with tiny white dots.The length of the worm is 2-6 cm long.
...hemical energy from cyanobacteria (the only bacteria that can perform photosynthesis) 2.4 billion years ago (Wernergreen). The first chloroplast came into being about one billion years ago when a single-celled protist and a cyanobacterium came together through endosymbiosis, and this first photosynthesizing eukaryotic lineage was the ancestor of land plants, green algae, and red algae. Cyanobacteria and algae endosymbionts have spread photosynthetic capabilities in such a broad range (Wernergreen). In other words, heterotrophic prokaryote cells had taken in autotrophic photosynthetic bacteria cells. The ingested cell continued to provide glucose and oxygen by photosynthesis. The host cell protected as well as provided carbon dioxide and nitrogen for the engulfed cell and overtime both cells lost the aptitude to survive without each other (Weber and Osteryoung).
The concept of transitional species is an important and complex notion in evolutionary biology. To begin with, there is no such thing as transitional species since all living things were always evolving in the past, not stopping at one stage or another, and they will continue to evolve in the future. In terms of evolutionary biology, we use the concept of transitional species as a way to dim ambiguity. Much like the use of the Linnean taxonomic system of species, we come up with concepts like transitional species to organize and classify species in order to understand their evolutionary roots and how those species changed through life’s history to become what they are today. “In the same way that the concept of species can be provisionally meaningful to describe organisms at a single point in time, the concept of transitional species can be provisionally meaningful to describe organisms over a length of time, usually quite a long time, such as hundreds of thousands or millions of years” (111). Though it can be difficult to distinguish what can be considered an ancestral species from another, the fossil record can show us how species change through time as they develop ways to adapt to stresses found in their environments. “In the modern sense, organisms or fossils that show intermediate stages between ancestral and that of the current state are referred to as transitional species” (222). The concept of transitional species is, in essence, fairly straight forward. This paper will outline the concept of transitional (or sometimes termed intermediate) species and the latter’s role in evolutionary biology, as well as go in depth about several common transitional species: Tiktaalik, an animal at the cusp between life in the water and ...
The Oligocene epoch, which means epoch of few recent forms in Greek, lasted about 11 million years which was considered a short time span compared to the other epochs. This epoch was present from 33.9 million years ago to 23 million years ago and was part of the Tertiary period. During this epoch, the climate began to cool down allowing for glaciers and ice ages to be present on Earth. Changes in vegetation arose as a result of climate change where most forests became cooler. Furthermore, the change in climate permitted grasslands to expand, however, when the temperature started to cool down, tropical forests began to shrink and were greatly diminished which was evolutionary advantageous for the human species. However, many primates could not
The Phylogeny of Homos Manus is a collection of photos which feature an aspect of gay culture in regards to body categorization. The gay community currently stereotypes individuals by the use of animals. Animals are chosen based on physical attributes such as body hair and muscle mass. The use of animal descriptions and clans plays a large role in on-line dating through applications such as Grindr and Scruff. A single animal clan can reveal multiple traits about an individual's physical appearance and can be seen as a playful way to celebrate many kinds of body types. This collection of photographs reveals the positive and negative aspects of clan ideology. This piece references concepts such as animal eroctism,
Really there wasn't much of a drive to find the first fossils discovered. When they were first found, that's all they were, found. As stated by Sues in “European Dinosaur Hunters” (1997) most of the first fossils discovered were usually fragments found in quarries. They just started showing up when people dug holes or built things. But once it was realized by the scientific community that these were the petrified remains of creatures that once lived, they became more and more valuable, and they actually became sought after. Paleontologists are always looking for new fossils of new animals to add to the list of discoveries. Like explorers in the dark depths of the jungles of South America,
Fossils are commonly thought to be the “evidence for evolution” but there is so much more. Use examples to illustrate one of these other lines of evidence, being explicit in how it relates to the tree-like branching pattern of evolution. The molecular record is another line of evidence for evolution. Molecular records show a stronger evidence for evolution by comparing the DNA of different species. Even though fossils that are similar gives a physical relation to another, species DNA show more similarities. For example humans and chimpanzees are similar in appearance, structure but are more closely related by DNA. Humans are Primates right along with the great apes, one of the main individuals of the primate evolutionary tree. The Smithsonian
Plants are the life forms from the Kingdom Plantae. They reproduce sexually and asexually, they can reproduce with only one parent. The plant lifecycle begins with a seed. It can grow with the right amount of sunlight, water, and the air. Next, the seed sprouts and the seed grows its roots, stem, leaves, flowers and more seeds. The leaves that are formed from the seeds stem are called seedlings. As the seed slowly becomes a plant it sheds seeds and the cycle continues.
There are multiple strong pieces about the evidence of evolution, but there is one piece that happens to be the most convincing. One strong piece of evidence that is the most convincing is comparative anatomy because it proves that multiple animals have a common ancestor. Comparative anatomy shows multiple homologous structured with similar parts that make them capable of having similar ancestors. The rib cage of a human and monkey is just one reason why comparative anatomy is convincing. The rib cages of humans and monkeys are vastly similar which means they have similar ancestors. A human rib cage is longer and wider than a monkey, but has the same structure as it. This is convincing to me because if monkeys have the same build as humans
Sharks now are a lot more dominant than they were before, seeing something put up a fight with a great white is very rare. Most sharks are carnivores and do not seem to have very much competition for food because of their size and ability to hunt. Not all sharks now are at the top of the food chain but for the most part there are not many other creatures that will put up a good fight with a shark.
The secondary walls of sclerenchyma cells are thick and contain abundant lignin. This relatively indigestible strengthening polymer accounts for more than a quarter of the dry mass of wood. Lignin is present in all vascular plants, but not in bryophytes. Sclerenchyma cells stop growing in length when mature and cannot elongate any further. They are so specialized for support that many are dead at functional maturity, but they produce secondary walls before the protoplast (the living part of the cell) dies. In some cases, the rigid walls remain as a ‘skeleton’ that support the plant for hundreds of