Aquaduct
What is an aquaduct? An Aquaduct is an artificial channel built to
transport water. An aquaduct may be an open or enclosed canal, a
tunnel, or a pipeline; an aquaduct bridge is a structure that carries
a canal over a valley or a river.
Aquaducts were constructed by ancient cultures in regions such as
India and Mesopotamia, but the aquaduct system constructed by the
ancient Romans were probably the most extensive in the ancient world.
The first to be built by the Romans, Aqua Apia, was an underground
aquaduct about 16 km (10 mi) long. More than ten aquaducts supplied
ancient Rome, providing the city with some 143,845 cubic meters (38
million gallons) of water each day. Parts of several are still in use
today. They supply water to fountains in Rome. Also, the ancient
Romans built aquaducts in all parts of their
Empire, many of which are still standing. How does an aquaduct work?
Water from a spring in the hills is collected in a reservoir to build
up pressure and ensure a steady supply to the city. This water flows
along the aquaduct (at a slope of about 1 in 1000, meaning than for
every 1000 feet in length, the water would flow downwards 1 foot.)
Upon reaching the city, is distributed via the many public fountains
and pipes. Why did the Romans use aquaducts? The Romans used aquaducts
because the city of Rome was too large to be supported by its own
water supply. The city's wells became insufficient, and aquaducts were
built to bring water from surrounding hills. Some were over 50 miles
long.
Some famous aquaducts the Aqua Antinomian is most noted for the famous
arch of druses, once mistakenly identified as a triumphal arch. Later,
though, it came to be known as a support for the aquaduct Antinomian,
the supply of water for the baths of Caracalla. The Aqua Marcia, built
in 140 BC is an excellent example of several aquaducts that converge
in a central location, in this case, the Parco Appio Claudio.
The Romans made aqueducts throughout there empire to supply water to there public baths, however it quickly became used for drinking, and the sewage system. they had a series of aqueducts that started from the rivers, even as far away as the river Anio. The Anio and Aqua Claudia were the two biggest systems of aqueducts for the Roman Empire. All aqueducts were designed to carefully drain all waste water into the sewage systems. The aqueducts lead the citizens of Rome to have very high hygiene.
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Bernini’s Fountain of Four Rivers constructed from 1648 to 1651 in the Piazza Navona in Rome for Pope Innocent X. The whole building consisted of two parts: the horizontal fountain and the rising Egyptian obelisk. The massive fountain is made of travertine, supporting the four river gods above and also serving as the foundation of the obelisk. Danube represents Europe. The Ganges refers to the continent of Asia. The Río de la Plata represents America, the New World, and the Niles is Africa. A certain amount of the allegory and metaphors also surround the four river gods respectively. On the slim body of Roman made obelisk (Curran 284), hieroglyphics are displayed in sequential, and a dove and an olive branch, the pacific symbol of the Pamphili family, are on the top of the obelisk. Considering the holy light and papal government the obelisk represented, the four river gods have different responses for the Catholic churches. Since the Niles is the only god who has less visible appearances, therefore, this article argues about the submissive representation of non-western cultures in Bernini’s work of art. At the time, since both the Egyptian obelisk above the fountain and the Nile coming from the same region, the different representations of two objects would be compared
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The exploitation of the arch together with the use of concrete are anyway at the centre of all the great public buildings of ancient Rome, hence also including temples (like the Pantheon), amphitheatres (like the Colosseum), baths (like the baths of Caracalla) theatres, roads and bridges (Kamm, n.d.).
Significance: It shaped and influenced the Roman architectural style. It could also span long distances, like in the aqueducts. Romans relied on water-proof material, which was used in aqueducts.
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Before the development of the famous aqueduct technology, Rome depended heavily on natural water sources such as marshes and springs. Citizens would collect rainwater from their rooves using jars and cisterns and would pump groundwater from wells that were privately owned (Mays 2010). Another major water source was the 406 km Tiber River also known as flavus or “the blond,” due to its yellowish color. This was mostly from natural sedimentation of the water and the constant pollution from the citizens and was deemed unusable. It wasn’t until 312 BC when the first Roman aqueduct- Aqua Appia -was commissioned by Appius Claudius Caecus and Gaius Plautius Venox. The aqueduct provided the surrounding citizens with about 73,000 cubic meters of water per day. This was just one out of nine installments of aqueducts that were created through the time of Frontinus, the most famous water engineer of Rome. Table 1 shows the other installments of Roman aqueducts and the distance covered for each. Note that as the years progressed, the aqueducts became increasingly longer- obviously meaning they took longer to build as aqueduct engineering became easier. The height above sea level was also an increasing construction with the Anio Novus towering at 400 meters. Although the famous arcs are what Roman aqueducts are most recognized for, they were not the
Concrete allowed Roams to build arches, domes, and vaults with greater distance. Also, since concrete could set underwater, Romans used it in the construction of harbor structure. Concrete also made it possible for Romans to build several aqueducts which, as explained by the author in The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, helped Rome to supply water to cities and agricultural lands (2016).
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The city of Rome had a big population, and it needed a working water system. So the people of rome built an aqueduct that was 43 miles long, and the water had came from the surrounding highlands. They were made up of a combination of pipes that were underground. The water provided many things for the roman, from roman baths, water fountains, and only a few wealthy homes in the area. The aqueducts had to be on a slope so that the water could flow much easier into the city of Rome, and it had ended on the top of the seventh hill. Most of the roman towns had at least one aqueduct to provide fresh water.
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