Introduction
In order to define the need of health care and planning appropriate health care system, population level model of needs should be applied. The relationship between poverty and ill health has been researched for more than 100 years(scotch NHS web) and repeated studies have shown a strong relationship between material deprivation, poor health and the need for health care services (course material). In general terms more socially deprived populations experience more ill-health and also underutilize the health care system. There is therefore a role for population-based indicators of need to include some measure of social deprivation as this will capture an element of need for health care which is not necessarily apparent from observing the actual pattern of use. The construction of appropriate indicators of material deprivation in the population can therefore play an important role in the health care planning process. (course material). Factors such as , single parents, children, elderly, low car owners and unemployment have been identified as contributing to need for primary health care. The Carstairs scores has been used extensively as standard measures of social deprivation in health care analysis and planning studies. It uses four variables.
The purpose of this paper is to construct and map a health-oriented deprivation index for a study area in southern England.
Methodology
There are many deprivation indices that are not solely based on census data. Moran and Baker 2006 selected Carstais deprivation index for analysing presents patterns of material deprivation across England and Wales because it is based just on census results which have the advantage of allowing objective results for the entire population. Mor...
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This shows wards shaded with grey areas being the least deprived and rose and red coloured areas are the most deprived. The most deprived areas were centred around the Portsmouth, Havant and Southampton cities where population in obviously dense.
Conclusion
Mapping allows the identification of geographic patterns of deprivation within regions. Philip McLoone 1994 noted that importance of keeping in mind the other features of small areas - such as their demography and urban/rural differences - that are also important for health planning. However carstairs score reflect the socio-economic characteristics of localities. According to deprivation map we could conclude that need of health care is more likely to be higher in the high populated city centre. Also it is clearly seen that rural areas mostly classified into least and moderate deprivation.
Social determinants of health (SDOH) are increasingly becoming a major problem of Public Health around the World. The impact of resources and material deprivation among people and populations has resulted in an increase in mortality rate on a planetary scale. Social determinants of health are defined as the personal, social, economic and the environmental conditions which determines the health status of an individual or population (Gardner, 2013). Today’s society is characterized by inequalities in health, education, income and many other factors which as a result is becoming a burden for Public Health around the world. Research studies have shown that the conditions in which people live and work strongly influenced their health. Individuals with high levels of education and fall within the high income bracket turn to have stable jobs, live in the best neighborhood and have access to quality health care system than individuals who have low education and fall with the low income bracket. This paper is to explain different social determinants of health and how they play ...
Overtime, sociology has played an essential role in the aid of healthcare policies and procedures, along with playing a fundamental role in one’s understanding of health inequalities. This paper explores how sociology has played such a role in healthcare, whilst including discussions regarding the influence of social structures and inequalities in the health of an individual, their family and community, with the topic of health variations between social classes being the main focus of the discussion. A structured overview, review and evaluation of a specific health policy in the UK will also be provided within this paper. Sociology in healthcare. Sociology can be defined in a number of ways, due to its almost limitless scope (Denny, Earle,
Cultural deprivation comes under three main aspects the first one is ‘Language’ as shown in item A ‘social class differences in educational achievement’ is one of the main reasons for the gap between the working class and middle class. The importance of language in education is portrayed by the sociologist Carl Bereiter and Siegfried Engelmann (1966) as they believe the lower class family use different language and mostly use hand gestural. Basil Bernstein (1975) has also shown differences between working class and middle class he shows this by the two speech codes. The restricted code is the speech used by working class, it limits the vocabulary a...
People living in areas such as Playford, has shown to have a lower socioeconomic position, which made them at highest risk of poor health (WHO, 2017). Then, the social determinants of health support the understanding the difference between populations health levels, but also the reasons behind why some groups are healthier than others (Marmot, 2005) and the issue becomes a little bit deeper as people living in different areas related to others differently, so then the social stratification of health is affected by differences in gender, marital status, residential areas and ethnicity (Elstad,
The essay will be looking at , poverty, employment and unemployment, poor diets as determinants of health in this context amongst other factors such as housing, mental health, social support network, education, culture, individual behaviours, genetics, gender because they have the best documented evidence on research in health inequalities in Britain available in the Black Report (DHSS 1980; Townsend, Davidson and Whitehead, 1992), Acheson Report (Acheson 1998), and FairSociety, HealthyLives Report, and other academic sources.
Living in a remote area has always been thought to have negative influences on the individual. There are 35 % of the total population in Australia living in rural area(Phillips, 2009).Rural areas in Australia and all over the world are not geographically isolated and disadvantaged only but also culturally and economically deprived which has great consequences on the health status of the population. The main two factors that have a major effect on rural health are socioeconomic status and cultural issues(Beard, Tomaska, Earnest, Summerhayes, & Morgan, 2009).
Gavin Turrell, B. F. (1999). Socioeconomic Determinants of Health:Towards a National Research Program and a Policy and Intervention Agenda. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology.
Marmot in his famous article titled Social Determinants of Health Inequalities firmly stated that actions targeted to improve healthcare access should not be focused only on healthcare system but rather on the social determinants of health. Marmot reiterated that health inequalities, disparities and social determinants of health are totally preventable through more inclusive wider social policies. He insists that inequalities of health between and within geographical areas can be reduced through positive actions.3 And such actions should be focused towards improving the social determinants of health in all areas to give everyone equal access to healthcare services.2-3 Explaining that lack of healthcare access are driven by SDOH, Marmot further argues that health cannot be improved by itself alone, but by enhancing those factors that determine health.
Also the essay will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each approach as this can be an indicator if this approach is applied, whether it can address inequality and improve the health and well being of that individual or society. The essay will use the Dahlgren and Whitehead social determinants of health of need to exemplify the determinants of health showing how these determinants can influence the way health is viewed as holistic or merely an absence of disease. Lastly, the essay will analyse the evaluation with these approaches plus the importance of evaluation to present programs and future programs or activity.
National health systems are assessed by the extent to which expenditure and actions in public health and medical care contributes to the crucial social goals of improving health, increasing access to quality healthcare, reducing health disparities, protecting citizens from penury due to medical e...
Social hierarchy and conditions within a community has a direct impact on the health and wellness of the people that reside within the boundaries of that city. Major contributors to the welfare of a neighborhood include but are not limited to: the area in which they live, their social standing within the population and the income of the individual or family. Each factor has a severe influence on the life expectancy of the peoples within the society.
“While there is significant variation across regions, within the cities and within the rural areas, the most significant inequality is between the urban and the rural” (Saich, 2011:316).
A wide variety of community, individual and national factors determine the delivery of health.2 There is a growing number of evidence on inequalities in both accessing of health and the distribution ...
In order to understand the incidence of poverty, it is important to define what it is exactly? Many scholars tried to agree on one definition for this notion but there are different approaches for this concept. In fact, there are three approaches: absolute, relative and subjective. The absolute approach suggest that poverty is when you have less than what is defined as regular in the society. The relative approach proposes that poverty is when you have less than the others in the society. Finally, the subjective approach suggests that poverty is when you feel that you do not have enough to live. In this research paper, I will promote a relative approach because I will compare the income of the different neighborhood. By having the average income per inhabitants in Montreal, it is simple to understand that the neighborhoods with...
Living in poverty and fuel poverty can relate to poor quality housing which can negatively ‘impact on wellbeing, physical and social development’ including school attendance, education and training, teenage pregnancy and crime (Newcastle LA Profile, 2013). The health of the population in Newcastle upon Tyne is wide-ranging in comparison with the England average; however life expectancy for both men and women in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne is lower than the England average, with women living on average 1.3 years less than the England average and men living on average 2.1 years less than the England average (Apho.org.uk, 2013).