The main organ that deals in metabolism of paracetamol is the liver. In this organ, most of the paracetamol contents are absorbed, leaving the dose being excreted in about 90 % of the intake drug. During its metabolism, the drug combines with glucuronidea and sulphate and this simplifies the intake of the drug (Pharmweb 2011). During the metabolism of paracetamol, the peak blood level lowers to around 20mg/l, indicating that it is a complex drug that requires many body functions. Upon ingestion, paracetamol is oxidized with glutathione to produce benzoquinoneimine (Stoelting 1999).
Hepatotoxity is influenced by the depletion of glutathione in the liver. This is because of excessive intake of paracetamol that causes the drug to be oxidized. When there is increased intake of the drug, there are many adverse reactions that inhibit the production of glutathione. This leads to the production of hepapotoxity, one of the adverse effects associated with taking paracetamol (Pharmweb 2011). Hepapotoxity is mainly caused by the buildup of benzoquinoniemine, after complete depletion of glutathione from the liver. The effects are too severe that liver failure may occur.
In the event of an overdose, N-acetylcysteine is administered. This drug causes the liver to restructure itself and take on important tasks and functions. The liver is restored to its original state and this makes it more functional and ready to work on any foreign particles. The liver is restored and this helps in the generation of glutathione that is meant to combine with benzoquinoneimine. Timely use of N-acetylcysteine makes the liver to be safe and positively impacts on its fundamental roles. For this reason, early treatment of paracetamol overdose is recommended (Stoelting & Miller 2000).
Opioids are absorbed at the opioid receptors of the central nervous system. One of the key issues that happen at the receptors is the absorption of the drug at the cellular membranes (Department of Health 2011). The drug alters interchange of stimuli at the cellular membranes and this causes the transmissions at the central nervous system to be altered. This inhibits pain and other feelings, making the patient to appear numb and docile. Morphine mostly reacts with pain reactors and causes the patients to develop adverse effects that prevent pain and other physical feelings (National Center for Biotechnology Information 2011).
Opioid overdose is influenced by the intake of other drugs like alcohol. In the event that a person consumes excessive opioids like morphine or such related drugs, there is a chance of complete numbness that may even lead to death.
What is Pharmacology? Pharmacology is the study of the interaction of drugs with living organisms, such as humans, animals and even microorganisms. Pharmacology also includes sources, adverse effects, absorption, physiological factors, biotransformation, dosage forms, methods of administration, excretion, and history. So, what are drugs and what exactly do they do? Drugs, also known as narcotics, are chemicals that alter functions of living organisms. They are generally given for the diagnosis,
Magical Realism as Applied to the Field of Psychology Throughout time, one finds many different categories of literature. Magical Realism, a relatively new category, seems to be one of, if not the most, controversial category of the last century. Magical Realism combines a magical, often grotesque, element with a reality based background and allows the reader to view life in a more profound way. The field of psychology, specifically the case of the Wild Child known as Genie, parallels very closely
know that I am committed to continue with my scientific education. The experience of lectures and the practical investigations in the laboratory have given me an indication of how to analyse and interpret data at such an advanced level. Studying pharmacology would allow me to develop my knowledge to a higher level, learning more about for example how the derivative of the opium poppy, morphine, works by binding to opioid receptors in order to reduce the impulses from nerve cells therefore relieving
1. INTRODUCTION Pharmacology is the science of drugs (from Greek pharmakos which means medicine or drug; and logos which means study). In actual use, it's meaning is limited to the study of how drugs and other substances affect our bodies. It has been defined as an experimental science which studies how substances that have entered our bodies affect our organism. The main tasks of pharmacologists are screening for desired activity, determining mode of action, and quantifying drug activity when chemical
Learning and Memory Applied Learning and memory are fascinating. The world could not function without either. They both are used in many different fashions in a wide variety of places. Learning and Memory have been carefully studied by professionals but are also well known and used by the common people on a daily basis. I am one of those common people, a student who is constantly learning and making the most of my memory. Since enrolling in The Psychology of Learning and Memory class I have
state If external stimulus is applied to the brain, it becomes possible to entrain the brain frequency from one stage to another. For example, if a person is in beta stage (highly alert) and a stimulus of 10Hz is applied to his/her brain for some time, the brain frequency is likely to change towards the applied stimulus. The effect will be relaxing to the person. This phenomenon is also called frequency following response. When the brain's state is close to the applied stimulus, entrainment works more
Wall" was a poem that was spoiled by being applied. What did he mean by "applied"? Any poem is damaged by being misunderstood, but that's the risk all poems run. What Frost objects to, I think, is a reduction and distortion of the poem through practical use. When President John F. Kennedy inspected the Berlin Wall he quoted the poem's first line: "Something there is that doesn't love a wall." His audience knew what he meant and how the quotation applied. And on the other side of that particular wall
Essay 2 First we will consider the assigned baseball scenario under Leibniz’s system of metaphysics. In the baseball scenario, the aggregate of the player, bat, pitch, swing and all the other substances in the universe are one and all contingent. There are other possible things, to be sure; but there are also other possible universes that could have existed but did not. The totality of contingent things, the bat, the player, etc., themselves do not explain themselves. Here Leibniz involves the principle
Pharma which is derived from the word ‘drug’ in Modern Greek, which is also a part of pharmacology is a branch of medicine and biology that is concerned with the study of drug action. A drug can be broadly defined as a man-made, endogenous or natural substance. Pharmacy is the techniques and science of preparing and dispensing the drugs studied, and created by pharmacologists. It connects chemical science with health studies to ensure effective, but safe use of pharmaceutical drugs. Drugs and medication
Teaching an Applied Critical Thinking Course: How Applied Can We Get? ABSTRACT: Encouraging students to apply classroom knowledge in their personal, everyday life is a major problem confronting many teachers of critical thinking. For example, while a student might recognize an ad hominem argument in a classroom exercise, it is quite another thing for him or her to avoid the same in interpersonal relations, say with parents, siblings, and peers. One approach to this problem is the creation of
Descartes ignored all he believed to be true. He believed that if any belief can be doubted it is not certain, making it unusable as a foundation. Descartes jettisons any information, knowledge, or truths that are based on his senses. He applied the “Dream Argument,” (19) where he stated that based on the senses alone, there is no definite way of proving that you are dreaming or awake. Therefore, any truths based upon the senses are unreliable and doubtful. Descartes turned to why and how his senses
Cultural Relativism as Applied to Female Genital Mutilation "I remember the blade. How it shone! There was a woman kneeling over me with the knife. I bit her; it was all I could do. Then three women came to hold me down. One of them sat on my chest. I bit her with all my might." These words reflect Banassiri Sylla’s account of her experience undergoing female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation (FGM), at the young age of eight in the Ivory Coast. This disturbing description
but a better understanding of the three concepts can be made by thinking of Satan as the Id, Jesus as the Super Ego, and humans as the ego, caught between the two forces. In William Golding’s novel, Lord of the Flies, these Freudian concepts can be applied to the characters of Jack, Piggy, Simon, and Ralph. Jack fits into the concept of the Id overpowering the Ego and Super Ego, as is seen in his violent urges and carrying out of killing things and the negative steps he takes in getting there. Piggy
Descartes Knowledge The question of our existence in reality is a question which philosophers have tackled throughout time. This essay will look at the phrase, cogito ergo sum or I think therefore I am, a phrase brought about by Rene Descartes. This phrase is the backbone of Descartes whole philosophy of our existence in reality. As long as we are thinking things, we exist. When we look at this approach to our existence we must first deny that any sensory data that we receive is believable or it
As I was getting older, I was finding myself getting bored with the everyday patterns of just existing and not doing something that I really had a passion for. Living comfortably with minimal contribution became increasingly easy for me. Rest assured, I knew my life had bigger meaning and I was meant for something better. Auspiciously, the medical field and the human body had caught my attention. I became increasingly interested in medical research and drug therapy. The reason I have selected pharmacy