Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem within the medical field, since the organism (bacteria, fungi and mold) are the ones who create the antibiotic. Then a laboratory technician will simply supply the organism with material such as a preferred living environment to thrive and multiple. The organism is provided with a favorable living environment so researchers can take the drug and test it on other strains; this process is referred to as biosynthesis. The issue of using a microbe’s resistant properties to treat other bacteria is that these microbes are developing immunity to certain antibiotics, thus making it more difficult for antibiotics to help the body fight off disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study is cultivating bacteria derived from rhizospheric soil samples from Buxus sempervirens bush, screen the observed microbes for antibiotic resistant properties and examine the microbial isolates phylogenetic relationships. The authors of this study, hypothesized that if bacteria develop genetic mutations that result in resistance to antibiotics, then novel bacteria with antibiotic resistant genes will be identified from the rhizosphere. To be able to determine whether the selected microbe isolates were antibiotic resistors a Kirby-Bauer sensitivity assay was used to determine whether the isolates were resistant or sensitive to the selected antibiotics, a Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and Ribosomal Database Project (RDP-II) bioinformatics analysis were used to obtain the nucleotide sequences alignment from each isolate to create a phylogenetic dendrogram to observe their relationship amongst each other (Sanders et al., 2010). Once the phylogenetic tree was formed, two bacterial isolates were identified from ...
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...order to obtain the mass of the soil sample they subtracted the mass of the empty dish from the mass of the dish and soil sample together. Next, they repeated this step with the second dish and then placed both dishes in the drying oven at 105°C for two days. After 48 hours, the weighing boats were removed from the oven (using tongs and gloves). The dishes were then placed in the desiccator and allowed to cool for one hour, and once cooled down the weight was taken again using an analytical scale. This procedure was repeated once more after an additional 24 hours in the incubator, just to ensure the water loss was consistent.
Next, the first enrichment plates each used a different type of media, LB, R2A,RDM and ISP4. LB selects for bacterial growth, RDM promotes the growth of rhizobia, R2A broadens culturable bacteria and ISP4 selects for Streptomyces (Sait, 2002
Antibiotic resistance is one of the most important issues facing health care today, with wide reaching future implications if abuse continues. In the United States alone, antibiotic resistance is responsible for over two million illnesses and 23,000 deaths per year. Providers need to be judicious in the disbursement of these life saving pharmacological agents, while being informative of why antibiotics are not always the answer (Talkington, Cairns, Dolen, & Mothershed, 2014). In the case listed below, several issues need to be addressed including perception, knowledge deficit, and the caregiver’s role. This paper will focus on whether a prescription for antibiotics is appropriate and other courses of action that may be taken instead.
“Antibiotics" is the name given to the group of chemicals, particularly in medicine, that stop or inhibit the growth of, microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, and parasites, or that kill the microorganism. They are, however, completely ineffective against viruses. There are two kinds of antibiotics, namely; bactericides, which interfere with the cell wall or contents of the bacteria, thereby killing it, and bacteriostatics, which prevent the bacteria from reproducing. They are used to treat bacterial infections in humans and animals. Bacteria are microorganisms consisting of single cells, and reproduce by mitosis. They usually live in colonies. Some bacteria and other microorganisms produce antibiotics to kill off other species, making more resources available for the organism making the chemicals. Ironically, it was this that led to the discovery of antibiotics in 1928, when Alexander Fleming noticed that the fungus Penicillium notatum, which had contaminated a sample of pathogenic bacteria, had killed the bacterial colonies in a petri dish.
Antibiotics are powerful substances which are capable of inhibiting bacterial growth. Antibiotics can be consumed from any part of the body. Essentially there are two different types of antibiotics which perform different operations to the body. (Medical News, 1) The first discovered type is bactericidal, which not only inhibits but initially eliminates the bacterial or microbial organisms, this is done through exterminating the bacterium cell wall which furthermore erupts and causes the bacteria to be killed. The second type is bacteriostatic, as the name states. It aids to inhibit and limit bacterial growth. The antibiotic stops bacterial growth through stopping the process of protein synthesis, or bacterial reproduction. It is consumed to stop the growth of a microorganism permanently or temporarily. (Scientific American, 3) Patients consume antibiotics through the mouth. Antibiotics can also be directly injected into the body. Others can be applied on the infected area of the body, and physically cured or eliminated. (Medical News, 1)
Some nights I lay awake thinking about the future—thinking about the cities that haven’t been built, the planets that haven’t been found, and the people that I will never get to meet. I am scared for those people.
Throughout history disease has run rampant taking many lives with every passing day. Finding a cure or even just a tool in the battle has been the main focus of scientist throughout time. This focus is what brought us the discovery of antibiotics. Over the years antibiotics have been misused by patients, over prescribed by physicians and have led to resistant strains of bacteria.
ANTIBIOTICS :- Antibiotics are medicines that fight bacteria. Antibiotics can save lives, if used properly. Antibiotics either kill bacteria or keep them from multiplying. Antibiotics do not fight virus infections. For example: Cold Flu ANTIBIOTICS: Most coughs Sore throats (Exception: strep throats).
Bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics is a major problem not only for the United States, but worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) the cause is related to “widespread overuse, as well as inappropriate use, of antibiotics that is fueling antibiotic resistance”. According to World Health Organization (2013) resistance is a global concern for several reasons; it impedes the control of infectious diseases, increases healthcare costs, and the death rate for patients with resistant bacterial infections is twice of those with non-resistant bacterial infections.
. Many doctors and patients are unaware that antibiotics are designed to treat bacterial infections, not viral infections (Antibiotic resistance, N.D.). Many bacteria within our bodies are not harmful at all, and some of them actually provide health benefits. The bacteria that are harmful are disease-causing bacteria, which generate sicknesses such as strep throat, the common cold, and ear infections (Get, 2013). Viruses are smaller than bacteria and require hosts, such as plants or animals, in order to proliferate (What, N.D.). Doctors play a vital role in administering antibiotics, for patients rely on their knowledge and expertise in order to receive proper medication for ailments throughout their lives. According to www.acponline.org, 190 million doses of antibiotics are administered every day. Among patients that do not reside in hospitals, doctors prescribe more than 133 million antibiotic programs every year. Of those 133 million programs, it is estimated that over 50 percent of them are unnecessarily prescribed because the doctor is prescribing them for viral infections such as common colds or simple coughs (Antibiotic resistance, N.D.). However, doctors are not the only ones to blame in regard to misuse of antibiotics because their patients are just as guilty when it comes to ignorance in respect to antibiotic usage. Many preventable factors have emerged because of irresponsibility of patients, including self-medication practices and the temptations of cheap, counterfeit drugs, all of which have aggravated drug resistance in the last 20 years (What, N.D.). Also, many patients are unaware of the dangers that can result from leaving medication behind because they don’t use it. It is extremely ill-advised to leave behind eve...
For many years we have become increasingly dependant on antibiotics to fight off the bacteria that cause diseases in our bodies. Many of the diseases these bacteria and microbes cause are infectious. For these reasons, it has been noticed that bacteria and other microbes are becoming increasingly resistant to the antibiotics prescribed to sick people. Many doctors prescribe antibiotics for common illnesses, yet other medicines such as home remedies and homeopathy could be used instead. As a result, we are using antibiotics too often, as many sources claim we should only be using them once every three years.”Bacteria have shown a remarkable ability to endure and adapt to their environment including the development of different mechanisms of resistance to most old and new antimicrobial agents”. Because of the frequent prescription, the bacteria and microbes that cause these illnesses are exposed to the same type of antibiotics frequently, thus they are able to adapt and build up resilience against these antibiotics. “Bacteria have developed resistance to all different classes of antibiotics discovered to date” . This is a major problem as we rely so heavily on antibiotics to treat serious illnesses that we are running out of options to treat them with. The prescribing of antibiotics for illnesses that are not life-threatening are now resulting in fewer solutions to cure people affected by diseases that can be fatal.
Ampicillin disrupts the third and final stage of bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding specific penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) that are inside the bacterial cell wall. Then facilitated by bacterial cell wall autolytic enzymes, cell lysis beings. Ampicillin is metabolized by Hydrolysis of the B-lactam ring to penicilloic acid. Microorganisms such as salmonella, Escherichia coli, campylobacter, shigella aquificae, thermotogae, chrysiogenetes, nitrospira, deferribacteres, other eubacteria, and other enteric bacteria are sensitive to Ampicillin. Treatment Dosage can range from 1 to 2g IM or IV every 4 to 6 hours to the maximum does of 12g per day. Microorganisms resistant to Ampicillin are penicillinase- producing bacteria (some strains of staphylococci), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. Vulgaris, Kiebsiella pneumonia, and Enerobacter aerogenes.
Thesis: With the advent of antibiotics in 1929 Fleming said, "The time may come when penicillin can be bought by anyone in the shops.Then there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily underdose himself and by exposing his microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant."With the overuse of antibiotics today we have seen this very idea come to be.Over usage is caused most prevalently by a lack of education on the part of the patient.Thus stated, the way to overcome such a circumstance is to educate, not only the patient but also the physician.
Antibiotics have been critical in fighting bacteria-caused diseases for the past 60 years. Bacteria in the human body are able to reproduce at a rapid rate and this is a huge problem when the bacteria are disease-causing. Antibiotics are drugs that are able to stop bacterial growth, and kill off bacteria in living organisms.
3. Why are the crucible and lid heated at the beginning of the experiment before being weighed?
“Overuse of the drugs in health care and farm animals has increased antibiotic resistance and could contribute to thousands of deaths each year among patients having colorectal surgery, chemotherapy or hip replacements” (YaleGlobal Online). Antibiotics are medicine that can either help bacteria grow or destroy the bacteria. The way antibiotics can help the bactira grow is by the overuse of it. Today, many of the farmers throughout the United States of America mix their livestocks food with antibiotics. Farmers should be banned from mixing their livestock’s food with antibiotics because antibiotics are bad to the humans, antibiotics are unnecessarily and not used right, and antibiotics are dangerous.
CDC Office of Infectious Diseases (OID) (2013). Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States. [online] p.15. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/pdf/ar-threats-2013-508.pdf#page=5 [Accessed 17 Oct.