Anti-Americanism in China
analytical Essay
1992 words
Anti-Americanism is defined in terms of “psychological tendency to hold negative views of the United States and of American society in general”(Katzenstein and Keohane, p.12). History expanded the love-hate relationship between China and the United States from political, economical, social perspectives. Distinguishing predisposition and opinion is vital as well as understanding the multidimensional views from a heterogeneous group of people. Anti-Americanism is perceived in different ways among public opinion polls, norms and emotions in China.
Historically, according to Anti-Americanism in China(Shambaugh, p.142-4), the United States was not an entity to most of the Chinese people until the commercial trade initially arrived in Canton, also known as Guangzhou, trading with the British and the Americans. On behalf of the Chinese perspective, there were many similarities between the British and Americans. Briefly they were both caucasians, spoke English and had similar appearance. Thereafter, the Chinese learned more aspects about the American from wars, they admired the American intelligence and the resourceful technology. Until the mid-nineteenth century, those superficial admiration to the American was reducing. Here are the reasons. The Qing dynasty was essential to global trade in Chinese history. Zeng Guofan, the Chinese intelligent, was assigned to send over one hundred Chinese students off to California for educational purpose. Anti-Chinese racism increased rapidly during that time period in California. Certainly, the Chinese were not content. Here came the turning point of the entire American image, from image of intelligence to image of decadence. Based upon the unpleasant image of the American society, the Chinese s...
... middle of paper ...
...hina. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 497, Anti-Americanism: Origins and Context (May, 1988) , pp. 142-156. Published by: Sage Publications, Inc. in association with the American Academy of Political and Social Science.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1045767
Shuja, Sharif M. "The United States and China." Contemporary Review 280.1633 (2002): 86+. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 26 Apr. 2014.
http://ic.galegroup.com.nuncio.cofc.edu/ic/ovic/AcademicJournalsDetailsPage/AcademicJournalsDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=OVIC&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Journals&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=OVIC&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CA83520037&source=Bookmark&u=cofc_main&jsid=941e59e237f4179e86b6d1268a2f9266
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how public opinion polls measure an attitude of anti-americanism in china embedded in cognitive emotions. the majority of americans viewed osama bin laden as a malevolent man.
- Explains that china has opened the door to foreigners and welcomed visitors to see the rapid change in the country.
- Explains that china on bin laden. washington times, 5 may 2011: a08. opposing viewpoints in context.
- Analyzes how chinese schools taught history as a series of guo chi, or national humiliations caused by foreign powers.
- Analyzes the washington times' "inside china" and opposing viewpoints in context.
- Explains katzenstein, peter j., and robert o. keohane. anti-americanisms in world politics.
- Explains shambaugh's book, anti-americanism: origins and context, in association with the american academy of political and social science.
- Analyzes shuja, sharif m., "the united states and china." contemporary review 280.1633 (2002): 86+.
- Defines anti-americanism as a psychological tendency to hold negative views of the united states and american society in general.
- Analyzes how mcdonalds molded the image of the american food in china.
- Concludes that the chinese are not xenophobic and irrational, but should be proud of their country after taking goodness from china.
- Explains that china now owns a record $1.317t of u.s. government debt.
Related
- analytical
- argumentative
- explanatory
- opinion
- China and United Statesanalytical essayThe history of United States-China relations tells a story of distrust, exploitation, naivety, and conflicting viewpoints, but also one of a struggle to bypass those differences. In recent decades, the two nations have been increasingly reliant on one another, but America still cannot overcome many of the divisions established between the U.S. and Maoist China Michael Schaller argues. Though relations became hostile the era following the end of the Second World War, China's diplomatic view of the U.S. and the West had always been quite reserved. China's attitude towards America never deterred it (America) from pursuing its interest within the Far East. During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, America sought to open the Chinese market to expand trade and increase the amount of missionary work within China. From the collapse of the Qing until the end of the "loss of China" in 1949, the U.S. sought to insure that the Chinese market and potential military power remained U.S.-friendly in the post-war era. After Mao's Communist Party of China seized the mainland, the U.S. began to point fingers for the loss of Chang Kai-shek's pro-American state. Tensions eventually cooled in the 1970s with Nixon's outreach to China, ushering in a détente between the powers. In this new stage of relations, America and China sought to forward mutual interests towards the containment of the Soviet bloc.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how the history of united states-china relations tells a story of distrust, exploitation, and naivety, but also one of the struggle to bypass those differences.
- Explains that america began its history with china "from their initial contact in the 1780s" during the twilight years of china's imperial era.
- Analyzes how the growth of international narcotics trade broke down china's isolation as more chinese became addicts of the opium imported by british merchants.
- Analyzes how the expansion of the alien religion sparked attacks on missionaries and converts alike, driving the wedge between the chinese and the west.
- Explains that many americans found it difficult to accept the new wave of chinese immigrants to america. the senate passed the chinese exclusion act in 1882.
- Explains how the united states sought to ensure its role as a major player in the asian market without having to compete militarily for domination of china.
- Explains that the chinese were too weak to reverse the tide of foreign domination within their nation. revolutionaries such as sun yat-sen and yuan shihk'ai overthrow the qing regime.
- Explains that the kmt established a "unified front" against japanese aggression and sent chang kai-shek to the soviet union to protect the nation from japan.
- Analyzes how the ccp's wartime policy of fighting japanese forces and self-portrayal as a pan-chinese unifier led to tense relations between the two nations.
- Analyzes how nixon and kissinger campaigned for a "peace with honor" after the vietnam war and tet offensive. china saw the opportunity to improve sino-american relations.
- Explains that nixon's resignation in 1974 worried chinese officials, who questioned whether his opening to china had provoked it. politics in the u.s. would slow the process of normalizing relations with china.
- Analyzes how the economic interests of the late twentieth and twenty-first centuries have strengthened the need to maintain a working relationship with the other, yet tension because of geopolitical ambitions tends to put both nations at odds with one another.
- Analyzes how sino-american relations have been tedious, but there are moments of cooperation between the two powers. america's outlook of china has been naive, and the struggles of modernization and american attempts to control the region have caused drastically varied reactions.
2040 wordsRead More - Anti-Americanism in France: Who’s to blame?argumentative essayAnti-Americanisms By: Katzenstein, Peter J.; Keohane, Robert O. Policy Review. Sep/Oct2006, Issue 139, p25-37. 13p.
In this essay, the author
- Compares how the u.s. was quick to respond to the germans in morocco, while france was occupied by germany. the schlieffen plan was the best and quickest course of action to avoid a two front war.
- Explains how america declared neutrality at the start of the war, and joined in 1941 after japan bombed pearl harbor. america severed diplomatic ties with france when nazi germany took over vichy.
- Explains that the united states helped resurrect france's economy with the marshall plan and the north atlantic treaty, which established the nato military alliance.
- Analyzes how anti-americanism worsened during the vietnam war. the american government saw their involvement in this war as a way to prevent communist takeover in south vietnam.
- Explains that the gulf war was a display of france's strong relationship with the united states. iraq invaded kuwait in 1990, setting in motion the biggest coalition since wwii.
- Cites the society of colonial wars in the state of connecticut - 1702 queen anne's war.
- Explains the xyz affair and the quasi-war with france.
- Cites stacy schiff's a great improvisation: franklin, france, and the birth of america.
- Explains carlsen, lindsey, "france and the united states in the wake of 9/11."
775 wordsRead More - Foreign Policy Paxton Hibben and Henry Morgenthauanalytical essayStutter, Robert, “U.S.-Chinese Relations: Perilous Past, Pragmatic Present.” Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, June 6, 2010.
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes how hibben and dr. martinez agree that the monroe doctrine should not be the only foreign policy held by the united states government.
- Explains that hibben's sympathies for the soviet union were born from his firsthand view of war and a country in revolution.
- Describes paxton pattison hibben as a soldier, diplomat, and journalist who helped shape american foreign policy in the world war i era.
- Analyzes how hibben's political views and opinions led to seven arduous years of working with the united states senate on the issue of humanitarian relief to countries such as russia.
- Opines that feingold, henry, and gareau, frederick, "crisis and response: american jewish leadership during the roosevelt years," modern judaism.
- Cites haynes, klehr, harvey, and vassilie, alexander. spies: the rise and fall of the kgb in america.
1693 wordsRead More - Trade Relations of the US and China in the Last Four Decadesargumentative essayThe Heritage Foundation. “The Complicated History of U.S. Relations with China”. THF: Leadership for America. 2012. Web. 10 Nov. 2013.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the united states and china's trade relationship dates back to 1971, when they re-opened doors to each other. though the relationship has been un-easy due to their recurring trade wars, there have been some significant milestones of mutually beneficial relationship.
- Explains that the trading volume from 1971 has significantly been on the rise both in terms of exports and imports, up to levels of us dollars 532.2 billion in 2012.
- Explains that the trade gap between the two giants has cost the united states a whooping us dollars 37 billion in wages.
- Explains that the most affected industries are manufacturing and non-trade related industries. these deficits have been seen to harm the working american families.
- Analyzes how trade relations have been affected by the strained quarrels over china's alleged manipulation of its currency and usage of industry-subsidies which are deemed illegal.
- Explains that china has experienced deficits of up to us dollars 10 billion and costing over 1 million jobs to its natives, who are the minority workers.
- Opines that a brief history of the trading between the two nations can help policy makers come up with viable adjustments and developments which would be stipulated into policies to curb the growing deficit thus in return creating more jobs and reviving the dwindling sectors.
- Explains the economic trade history of the two nations. the first decade between 1970 and 1980 saw the lifting of certain barns and barriers of trade, and conferred the contigent most favoured nation status on the chinese nation.
- Explains that the second decade, between 1980 and 1990, saw america and china transfer of goods, ideas, values, technology, and personnel. the trade between these two nations had almost tripled to over us dollars 7 billion by the close of 1989.
- Explains that the tiananmen crisis caused an uneasy relationship between the two giant nations. china joined the world trade organization (wto) in 2001.
- Explains that the fourth decade between 2001 and 2012 has seen a more cooperation between the u.s. and china beyond that of wto.
- Concludes that china claims to have an economy that is less than half in size than that of america's economy. their trade patterns within their bilateral economic conformities within the last forty years suggests china has no interest in remaking or un-making the entire global economic system.
- Explains that the trade gap with china costs the us $37 billion in wages.
792 wordsRead More - Canada and America's Obligations to Chinaanalytical essayChina's record of human rights violations is long and mind-boggling. Atrocities such as purging tens of millions of people during the Cultural Revolution, its infamous one-child-per-couple Population Policy, persistent oppression of Tibet and the bloody June 4 massacre at Tienanmen Square in 1989 have given the Chinese government a reputation of having little respect for human life. And yet, despite its tarnished record, China maintains its Most Favoured Nation trade status with the US and is one of Canada's top ten recipients of bilateral trade. As supposed supporters of human rights, Canadian and US governments have developed hypocritical attitudes toward China, compromising ethical values for material gain. Instead, North American nations should restrict aid and trade with China to programs that can be used to encourage social reforms.
In this essay, the author
- Argues that china's record of human rights violations is long and mind-boggling. china maintains its most favoured nation trade status with the us and is one of canada'
- Explains that both canada and the us have ideological duties to defend human rights. both were conceived in a time when respect for civil liberties was growing and democracy flourished.
- Analyzes how north americans' beliefs can be translated into moral and ethical obligations to protect and promote human rights on a broader scale.
- Argues that china's human rights attitudes can be influenced by manipulating foreign aid programs and restricting those that would help the oppressor more than the people.
- Argues that canada and the us have developed with a deep respect for human rights, but both governments have weakening stances against violators.
- Argues that canada and the us can influence the human rights policies of other nations. both nations rely heavily on the export of their resources, which is accomplished through international trade.
1124 wordsRead More - Chinese Immigration Historyanalytical essayFollowing the Chinese Revolution of 1949, Chinese Americans and immigrants became the focus of Communist fears. Beliefs of Chinese as inferior began to incite anti-Chinese feelings. Everett F. Drumright, an American official, submitted a report warning of Chinese Communists where “he alleged that Chinese were culturally inclined to fraud and perjury since they ‘lacked a concept equivalent to the Western concept of an oath.’” Government action would soon exact actions to quell these
In this essay, the author
- Explains that immigrants are vulnerable to attacks if they are cast as threats to the way of american life. immigrant restrictions are seated in racialized notions.
- Analyzes how the bracero program controlled mexican labor and prevented mexican migration into the united states. poor government oversight led to the abuse of mexicans on all spectrums of society.
- Explains that the period of chinese exclusion from 1882 to 1943 limited legal chinese migration to the united states. paper immigration became a point of attack in disputing chinese legal status.
- Explains that after the chinese revolution of 1949, chinese americans and immigrants became the focus of communist fears.
- Describes how the campaign against paper immigration culminated in a dramatic raid where government officials including the ins and us marshals stormed the chinatown in san francisco. the six companies fought back claiming the subpoena was being used for oppressing and intimidating the entire chinese american community.
- Explains that the chinese confession program provided a means of renegotiating the terms of chinese americans' citizenship.
- Explains that the government took action against mexican migrations born as a result of labor shortages during wwii. the bracero program generated illegal immigration, displaced native workers while driving labor wages down.
- Explains that the migrant labor agreement outlined the terms of bracero workers. they were to be provided food, housing, and a pre-determined wage.
- Explains that the ins selectively deported certain undocumented immigrants as to not disrupt the harvest.
- Explains that ins' operation wetback was a massive operation for the removal of undocumented migrants. poor government oversight created the problem of illegal immigration.
- Opines that the refugee act of 1980 was ineffective in granting central american refugees safe haven in the united states.
- Explains that central american nations such as el salvador, nicaragua, and guatemala produced hundreds of thousands of refugees seeking protection.
- Explains how the ins detention facilities violated the basic rights of detainees. relief organizations discovered many el salvadorian refugees who had been deported were killed.
- Analyzes how the sanctuary movement defied the government in support of fair treatment of central american refugees. the sanctuary workers violated laws and were even arrested.
- Analyzes how immigration history in the united states shows that immigrants are not a threat.
1723 wordsRead More - Immigrants In The 20th Centuryexplanatory essayAmericans “thought [the] Chinese had some kind of superpower since they worked for such low wages and lived in small crowded areas” (“The Chinese Experience in 19th Century America”). The Chinese just wanted to have a better life since that was the reason they came to America and they were just working hard to achieve their American Dream of living a better life than the one in their country. They did not mind working hard for what they wanted and they did, but they were just thought of as different and as exorcists for doing this. There were Yellow Peril novels written about how the Chinese wanted to take over the American government so they could put in place their own culture. On the other hand there were groups of people who did feel the Chinese were welcomed. At the very beginning, “The Chinese were welcome in California in the mid 1800’s because there was a lot of work and not enough workers, but Chinese people had to live separately from Americans. When the economic conditions got worse, discrimination against the Chinese increased” (The History of Chinese Immigration to the United States). Yes the Chinese were welcomed at first, but the Nativists only used them for a little and wanted the Chinese gone. Once they saw things getting worse within the country and started calling them exorcist and demonic because they worked really hard and put up The Chinese Exclusion act so they
In this essay, the author
- Explains that immigration is the act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country. immigrants faced various challenges throughout the united states' history, especially after 1880.
- Explains that irish catholics were not welcome in america because of their different traditions, which caused conflicts within the communities.
- Explains that the chinese were not welcome in america because their culture seemed exorcist and demonic. they wanted to have a better life since that was the reason they came to america.
- Explains that italians were not welcome in america because they took all of the americans' jobs and treated them worse than animals.
- Opines that catholics, italians and chinese were not welcomed in america due to their differences with other citizens.
916 wordsRead More - Kantian Peace Theory: Insight Ino the Future Relations Between the United States and Chinaanalytical essayThe rise of China as a global power is a troubling concept for many Americans. China's economy is one of the fastest growing in the world and China holds a plurality of the US national debt. The two countries are inextricably linked, which is one reason why a change in the status quo is an unsettling idea. Kantian Peace Theory may offer an insight into the future relations between the United States and China.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the rise of china as a global power is troubling for many americans. the two countries are inextricably linked, which may offer an insight into future relations between the us and china.
- Analyzes how kantian peace theory's first principle, that "the civil constitution of every state should be republican," is vexed with the case of china.
- Explains kant's second principle, "the law of nations shall be founded on a federation of free states," and how the united nations should handle political, economic, or military disputes.
- Argues that kant's theory, "the law of the world citizenship shall be limited to conditions of universal hospitality," should offer the strongest reasoning why the us and china will not go to war.
- Concludes that kant's theory is defunct in terms of the us-china relationship, one is mediocre, and one has potential to be a strong determinant to keep the two countries at peace.
680 wordsRead More - Relations Between the United States and Chinaopinion essayThe sovereignty of a nation, the integration of territories and national reunification and safety are the focus of Sino-US relationships. The US refuses to accept a powerful China. The previous secretary of the US Assistant Secretary of State Winston Lord once told reporters that at the beginning, America and China focused to settle down the problems on how to treat each other in a strategic way and the problems will determine the Sino-US relations characteristics after the cold war to a large degree. Since the cold war ends, the relationship between China and the US averts to such matters as Taiwan issues, Hong Kong, Tibet, South China Sea and so on. The Twain issue has always been a core, critical and primary one in the relationship between China and the US, which is also a strategic one sine the cold war. And this issue lasts to the 21st century. Among all kinds of problems on the relationship between China and the US, the Taiwan issue is the most critical and tough one which lasts for a long time and has a negative effect on the Sino-US relations. The US just adheres to One China principle in words not in deeds. For instance, in 1992, the US sent F-16 fighters to Taiwan and also sold warship to Taiwan Straits in 1996 year. All this actions worsens the relationship between China and the US, which also causes contradiction of the main interests of the two powers in the world.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the taiwan issue is the most critical and tough one in the relationship between china and the us, which is also a strategic one sine the cold war.
- Analyzes how the us is ambivalent about taiwan's membership in the un, the world bank, and other international organizations.
- Opines that taiwanese identity doesn't mean that they have an anti-china attitude or a preference to confront with china.
- Explains that young taiwanese consider working in china as an important experience for their long-term career goal. china is more international than taiwan.
775 wordsRead More - The United States: 1865 - 1917explanatory essayAt the end of the 1770’s, the United States was a small nation constituted of farmers. Nevertheless, after almost 100 years, the United States became an expanded country across the continent. During that time, Florida, Texas, New Mexico, Oregon, Louisiana and California had already formed part of the United States’ territory, either through acquisition, mediation or annexation. By the time of the 1860’s, the U.S. economy was growing, conduced by modern developments in transportation and communication from the Pacific Coast to the Atlantic Coast and an extensive incursion of immigrants that caused a boom of urbanization and industrialization all over the country. Nonetheless, the consolidation of industrial revolutions and massive productions created a large surplus of goods that could not be consumed by the people in the United States. In consequence, the United States had to create a new way to expand their territories in foreign markets, so they could absorb the excess of the U.S. goods. However, in a time when France and Great Britain were “the two major imperialist powers,” the U.S. needed a strategy that would help it to compete on the world stage as a global power. As a result, based on ideological arguments, strategy concerns, and economic designs as its main reasons, the United States entered in a new era where its principal goal was the creation of an Imperialistic Empire. (Goldfield Page 614, Prof. Michael McKeown)
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the united states was a small nation constituted of farmers, but after almost 100 years, it became an expanded country across the continent.
- Explains that the united states decided to emulate the model of imperialism based on its ideological and religious arguments.
- Explains that captain alfred mahan wrote the book "the influence of sea power" to explain why great britain was the most powerful country of that period.
- Explains that the united states expanded its territories because of its economic designs and in consequence, its primary goal of increasing international trade.
- Explains that the united states entered the middle of a race for established itself as the new global power. after the spanish-american war, many treaties and policies were established.
- States that guétin, nicole, religious ideology in american politics: a history. jefferson, nc: mcfarland &, 2009.
- Cites abbott, carl, peter h. argersinger, virginia dejohn anderson, william l. barney, jo ann e.
- Describes the 1866–1898 milestones - office of the historian.
- Analyzes mahan's the influence of sea power upon history: securing international markets in the 1890s.
- Explains mckeown, michael, creating a new empire 1865 - 1917. power point presentation.
1041 wordsRead More