3.3.2 Anti-Agglomerants (AA):
Anti-agglomerates (AAs) are surfactants and polymers, which are injected in low dose (generally 1 to 4 % weight of water content), which cause the water phase to be suspended as small droplets. When the suspended water droplets convert to hydrates, the flow characteristics are maintained without blockage. They allow hydrate crystals to form but keep the particles small and well dispersed in the hydrocarbon liquid as slurry. They inhibit hydrate plugging rather than hydrate formation. The dispersion hinders the formation of larger crystals which would then be less likely to cause plugs (Clark et al. 2005). Since hydrate crystal is formed and dispersed, subcooling or residence time limitations has been eliminated,
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Pipeline operation can also be of importance as dispersion of small hydrate crystals will be favoured by higher velocities. At low flow rates and during shutdown conditions, the crystals may settle out and agglomerate when the oil density difference is sufficient. The anti-agglomerants provide protection up to 40:60 water oil ratios (Chandragupthan et al. 2011). Typical examples of AAs include alkyl aromatic sulphonates or alkylphenylethoxylates (Pickering et al. 2001).
Anti-agglomerates, (AA) inhibitor is an economically attractive option under severe hydrate-forming conditions and is also very effective where production is shut-in for extended periods. AAs can provide relatively high sub-cooling up to 40oF, which is sufficient for deepwater applications and have completed successful field trials in deepwater GoM production systems. AAs have toxicity issues and may transport microcrystals of hydrate into and remain in the condensed/oil phase.
3.3.3 Economical Evaluation of
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For new field development, production fluids may not be readily available for testing. They also lack an established model for the prediction of their effectiveness, thus posing difficulties for field developers in the application of these chemicals (Pickering et al. 2001; Chandragupthan et al. 2011). KHIs have limited subcooling (time dependent). They interact with other chemical inhibitors (for example corrosion inhibitors) which reduce their effectiveness and this should be accounted for in testing programmes (Graham et al. 2001). They also have limited experiences in oil systems (Chandragupthan et al.
The purpose for this lab was to use aluminum from a soda can to form a chemical compound known as hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate. In the lab aluminum waste were dissolved in KOH or potassium sulfide to form a complex alum. The solution was then filtered through gravity filtration to remove any solid material. 25 mLs of sulfuric acid was then added while gently boiling the solution resulting in crystals forming after cooling in an ice bath. The product was then collected and filter through vacuum filtration. Lastly, crystals were collected and weighed on a scale.
The olefins are also important for petrochemical industries due to their use as main building blocks for many for industrial and domestic applications.
Procedure: A sand bath was set atop a hot plate set at power level 5, while a 10 mL round bottom was prepared with the addition of 14 (0.33 mL) drops of olive oil and 1 mL of cyclohexene. Once the contents of the 10 mL round bottom were mixed thoroughly, a boiling chip was added, and the round bottom was attached to a reflux condenser apparatus. The reflux was run for 20 minutes starting at the point in time when the mixture within the round bottom flask (that was submerged in the heated sand bath) began to boil. While the running the reflux, a 5 ¾ inch Pasteur pipette was obtained and clamped vertically with the tip facing downward. A small amount of glass wool was placed inside of the pipette and pushed down to block the narrowing end by a wooden boiling stick. A total of 100 mg (0.100 g) of celite was weighed out and was carefully added into the pipette as an additional layer atop the glass wool stopper.
Given that aluminum is the third most abundant substance as well as the most prominent metal in the Earth’s crust, repurposing it is beneficial to everyone. There are multiple ways to repurpose aluminum, however, a prominent method is converting aluminum into alum. While alum can be naturally occurring in areas of heavy weathering, that oxidize sulfide, and include potassium bearing minerals all occur, it can also be synthesized as shown in this experiment. By synthesizing alum, many practical applications arise. Medicinally, alum can be utilized to stop bleeding in minor cuts, as a treatment for gingivitis and gum bleeding, as well as a preservative for pickling fruits and vegetables. On a larger scale, alum can be used in flocculation to treat dirty water to make it drinkable. In this case, the alum binds to the heavier particles in the water, such as dirt and sand, and causes them to sink to the bottom of the container. Next, a simple filtering would need to be done to render the water
made from a form of aluminum soap mixed with the acid (Time, 2000). The formula was said to have
The thickening property of alginate is useful in sauces and in syrups and toppings for ice cream. By thickening pie fillings with alginate, softening of the pastry by liquid from the filling is reduced. Addition of alginate can make icings non-sticky and allow the baked goods to be covered with plastic wrap. Water-in-oil emulsions such as mayonnaise and salad dressings are less likely to separate into their original oil and water phases if thickened with alginate. Sodium alginate is not useful when the emulsion is acidic, because insoluble alginic acid forms; for these applications propylene glycol alginate (PGA) is used since this is stable in mild acid conditions. Alginate improves the texture, body and sheen of yoghurt, but PGA is also used
You have been asked to design an oral liquid formulation of ibuprofen for paediatric use.
10)Alexander H. Tullo (2007) Texas Hold Em, Chemical Engineering News. Volume 85 Issue 15 | pp. 24-25
Based on the results acquired in the experiments, it would be best to use sodium thiosulfate for a cold pack. The best type of cold pack to use would be an instant pack. These cold packs allow the user to squeeze it and immediately, as a result of this the cold pack will get
The glycol from the spilled antifreeze release ammonia gas into the environment which is very strong and sometimes harmful and can cause skin, eye, and nasal irritation. Ammonia gas can also be very corrosive and can be flammable, if exposed to heat.
One drop of the liquid (L21) was placed in a test tube. But for the solid unknown (S21) 5mg was added to the test tube. 0.5mL of acetone was added with 1 drop of jones reagent. The results were recorded. The test tubes were then discarded in the hazardous waste container.
National Research Council. 1989. Using oil pollution dispersants on the sea. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Aerogel was discovered in the late 1930’s by chemist Samuel Stephens Kistler. He accomplished this by the process of supercritical fluid drying. A supercritical fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical poi...
Chemicals can absorb or release energy in the form of heat. Sodium nitrate and hydrated sodium acetate are compounds that absorb heat during dissolution which aids in the creation of cold packs. Cold packs are pouches that contain a dry chemical plus a separate inner pouch of water. When the seal between the chemical and the water is broken they mix together to cause an endothermic reaction. The heat energy gained to break apart the solute and solvent molecules is greater than the release of heat when the solute and solvent molecules bond together. Therefore, when the reaction is complete there is a greater loss of heat by the solution. Sodium nitrate or hydrated sodium acetate when dissolved in water lowers temperature which results in a cold
...ew chlorinated solvent creates severe aging such as Carbon tetrachloride, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane etc. Age hardening occurs in almost all the solvents but weaker the solvent i.e. toluene lower the hardening (4). A vacuum extraction cylinder is used to remove the extract from the cylinder. In this procedure, the method for recovery is a modification of Rotovapor method. To remove the asphalt from the mix about seven wash of solvent is necessary (1). There are few problems using SHRP method. This method recovers only 50g of sample which is enough for one test like Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR). Several extraction and recoveries would be necessary in order to run some more tests e.g. Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) and Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR). Each extraction and recovery requires six hours and has to be operated carefully to avoid the incidence of flash boiling (2).