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Recommended: Paper on anthrax
The anthrax vaccination is the only known defense available for United States Troops against the
deadly anthrax virus. Many experts have said it is not effective against inhalation anthrax. Studies have
not been conclusive in their findings. The chance of living if you have received the anthrax vaccination
seems better. More studies should be conducted outside the Department of Defense, with their
cooperation, before the process to vaccinate troops continues.
Anthrax is a disease normally associated with plant eating animals (sheep, goats, and cattle) caused by
the bacterium Bacillius anthracis. It is now controlled through vaccination programs throughout the
world including the United States. Human infection with anthrax usually results from contact with
infected animals or products. Anthrax was discovered by Robert Koch in 1876. An effective vaccine for
animals was developed in 1881 by Louis Pasteur. In humans, the disease appears in both external and
internal forms. The external form is contracted through cuts and breaks in the skin. The internal form is
caught by inhaling anthrax spores, which invade the lungs and intestinal tract (Funk and Wagnalls New
Encyclopedia, 1996).
Russian scientists have created a new form of the anthrax virus by genetic engineering. Col. Arthur
Friedlander , chief of the bacteriology division at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute states, ”The
evidence that they presented suggested that it could be resistant to our vaccine” (Riechman, Army Times
03-09-98). When anthrax is used as a biological weapon, people become infected by breathing the
spores released in the air. Anthrax is 100,000 times deadlier than the deadliest chemical warfare agent. It
is the preferred biological agent because it is easy to produce in bulk and the materials are low in cost.
(B.D.Hawkins,Army Times) Dr. Jose Ramero Cruz, of the World Health Organization states,”Because
anthrax spores are resistant to dryness and heat, they are relatively easy to grind and store”. U.S. officials
say that as many as 12 countries including Russia, Iraq, and North Korea, have established capabilities to
produce and load deadly anthrax spores into weapons (D.Funk, Army Times, 3-19-98). An anthrax
loaded scud missile could kill 100,000 people in an urban area according to a 1993 study, “Proliferation
of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Risks”, (J. Erlich, Army Times, 9-8-97). No country is
known to have released the biological agent during wartime. Anthrax has the potential to cover large
areas of the battlefield. It is not known what branch of service, front line, or rear area troops would be at
greater risks. Defense Secretary William Cohen stated, “Anthrax is the poor man’s atomic bomb” (D.
The Demon in the Freezer by Richard Preston is an intriguing book that discusses the anthrax terrorist attacks after 9/11 and how smallpox might become a future bioterrorist threat to the world. The book provides a brief history of the smallpox disease including details of an outbreak in Germany in 1970. The disease was eradicated in 1979 due to the World Health Organization’s aggressive vaccine program. After the virus was no longer a treat the World Health Organization discontinued recommending the smallpox vaccination. In conjunction, inventory of the vaccine was decreased to save money. The virus was locked up in two labs, one in the United States and one in Russia. However, some feel the smallpox virus exists elsewhere. Dr. Peter Jahrling and a team of scientists at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases in Maryland became concerned terrorists had access to the smallpox virus and planed to alter the strain to become more resistant. These doctors conducted smallpox experiments to discover more effective vaccines in case the virus were released. Preparedness for a major epidemic is discussed as well as the ease with which smallpox can be bioengineered.
Moore, Matthew, “Arming the embargoed: a supply-side understanding of arms embargo violations”, Journal of Conflict Resolution (2010) 54 pp. 593-615
The 2001 anthrax attacks was one of the worst bio-weapon attacks on the US in history. The attacks where done through the mail. The anthrax was placed in envelopes with a letter and mailed from various locations to different people and organizations. The anthrax filled letters ended up killing 5 people, causing 17 to become sick and exposing anthrax it is believed to as many as 30,000 people. During the mail process spores of anthrax from the letters escaped and got on mailroom equipment exposing postal employees. If a person was exposed to enough anthrax and developed symptoms they typically died in a few days. Postal workers during the attacks where told that anthrax will appear as a white powder t...
According to Mackie, objective values are considered as primary qualities, which are independent. Objective values are queer because they are not connected to the natural world. Thus, they do not exist in the world. Nevertheless, McDowell argues that values are actually secondary qualities. Specifically, secondary qualities are connected to observers, and depend on observers’ perceptual sensations, while primary qualities such as shapes can be described without any perceiving agent. Although objective values cannot be described by some sort of entities or qualities, they can be perceived by suitably sensitive observers in suitable conditions. Hence, objective values do exist when there are perceivers of these values. Again, take cruelty as an example. Mackie claims that cruelty and wrongness are not connected. However, McDowell would say that since people perceive cruelty, through their sensitive perceptions, they interpret cruelty as wrong. Perceivers act as an interpreting agent, thus giving objectivity to moral
The article’s information is presented with the goal of informing a reader on vaccines. The evidence is statistical and unbiased, showing data on both side effects and disease prevention, providing rates of death and serious illness from both sides. This evidence is sourced from a variety of medical organizations and seems reliable, logical, and easily understood, no language that would inspire an emotional response is used. The validity of studies is not mentioned in the article, but it does encourage readers to investigate further to help make a decision. The article allows a reader to analyze the presented evidence and come to their own
On September 18th and the weeks following, a multitude of letters containing the Bacillus Anthracis bacterium were mailed to various New York news stations. Individuals at 5 different stations became ill with similar symptoms that included vomiting and shortness of breath. This began the nationwide panic known as the Amerithrax Investigation. The Amerithrax investigation was said to be the worst biological attacks in all of US History. Three weeks later, on October 9th, two more letters, containing the anthrax bacterium was mailed to two Democratic senators. In all of the 7 attacks, over 22 people developed infections, over half being life-threatening. The letters themselves confused federal investigators. In the sets of letters addressed to the media, certain T’s and A’s were bolded. When added together, the groups of letters formed 3 codons that corresponded to 3 amino acids. These amino acids pointed federal investigators towards a possible culprit, Bruce Edwards Ivins, a scientist for the US government in Frederick, Maryland.
“Ready for War.” Intelligence Reports Iss. 131 (Fall 2008). 46-54 SIRS Researcher. Web. 03 Feb. 2011.
Bacillus anthracis or anthrax is bacteria that infect thousands of people a year worldwide. Mostly found in the hinds and hair of grazing animals like cattle and sheep, the bacteria can stay dormant for years until contacted. Contact can occur through broken skin, eating infected meat, or inhaling infected dust from hides through the mouth or nostrils. Normal contact through the skin begins forming malignant skin ulcers that are dark black in appearance. If left untreated, the blisters lead to blood poisoning and eventually death. Eating contaminated meat not fully cooked can cause intestinal infection also leading to death. Surprisingly, many people survive contact of the skin and very few cases of intestinal infection exist. However, inhalation of infected dust or spores are much more deadly because the symptoms resemble a common cold...
“Smallpox and Bioterrorism” 6 June 2001. Center for Disease Control. 4 Nov. 2014. < http://www.bt.cdc.gov/Agent/Smallpox/FactSheet.pdf >
...of antitoxin and serum therapy in 1890. To get antitoxin, they immunized guinea pigs with heat-treated diphtheria toxin. They then discovered that they could cure diphtheria in animals by injecting the serum, blood products, from the guinea pig into the animal. Following the discovery of antitoxin, English physician S. Monkton Copeman discovered that adding glycerin to lymph makes it act as a germicide in 1891. The first big Polio epidemic will happen on June 17, 1894 in Rutland County, Vermont. Then, only 4 years after the discovery of the diphtheria antitoxin, Mulford Company of Philadelphia began to test and produce antitoxin in the US. Since there was no common standard for potency of an antitoxin container, each container had a different potency. To solve this, German scientist Paul Ehrlich developed a standardized unit of measure for the diphtheria antitoxin.
Sexual abuse has a very broad definition. According to the American Psychological Association, “a central characteristic…is the dominant position of an adult that allows him or her to force or coerce a child into sexual activity.” 3 The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act defines sexual abuse as:
The other type of sexual abuse that’ll be discussed is rape. Rape is the force of having sexual intercourse upon a person to please your sexual desires. There are three different types ...
Child abuse, while having many different forms and levels of severity, can be basically defined as the maltreatment of a child by a parent or other adult. When one thinks of child abuse, usually the first thing that comes to mind is physical harm, but the issue is actually much more complex. The abuse of a child can also be manifested in verbal and emotional forms, as well as in sexual molestation. All forms of child abuse generally result in similar emotional disorders and behavioral issues, but the major consequences of sexual abuse, such as mental or emotional scarring, promiscuity, and the tendency of former victims to become sexual abusers, cause it to be the most severely damaging form of child abuse.
Vaccines were first invented by Edward Jenner in 1796 to protect against smallpox, which involve...
Sexual abuse is a form of child abuse. It can be defined as “contact or interaction between child and an adult where the child is being used in sexual manner by an adult.” Sex abuse includes a wide range of sexual activities including both nonviolent, nonphysical acts such as revealing themselves to a child along with physical and sometimes violent contact. This contact can include touching, oral or genital contact, genital stimulation and penetration, and exploitation of children through pornography and prostitution. In most cases, the abuser is known to the victim. After the child is sexually abused, many times the abuser then bribes or threatens the victim.