Anorexia Nervosa and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
It has long been recognized that there are similarities between Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and Anorexia Nervosa. These similarities lie in the symptoms of the disorder. Many patients of both diseases report intrusive, fearful thoughts, a compulsive need to perform rituals, and an obsession with maintaining these rituals. In the case of anorexia nervosa these behaviors center on food and thinness whereas in OCD they are of a more general type.
Past research has indicated that there is a higher prevalence rate for OCD among anorexia nervosa patients then in the normal population. The lifetime prevalence for OCD has been found to be around 3%. Conversely, the comorbidity rate for OCD and anorexia has been reported to be between 6% and 33%! This leads one to hypothesis that there may be a relationship between OCD and anorexia nervosa. It is not clear yet, based on the present research, what this relationship is. But, there are many studies out there that try to examine the relationship as well as its underlying causes. In this literature review some of this research will be examined and some preliminary conclusions will be drawn. Finally, further research to explore this relationship will be proposed.
Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa is a specific disorder defined in DSM IV. Several classifications must be met for a diagnosis of anorexia to be made. There must be a refusal by the patient to maintain a healthy body weight for their age and height. This behavior must eventually lead to a weight loss in which the body weight falls to less then 85% of the persons ideal body weight. Or the patient can refuse to gain any weight during periods of growth. In wome...
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...urther studies are conducted that lead to a better connection between the two disorders, sufferers can be treated more efficiently.
Reference
Gee, Rebecca, Telew, Nicholas. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder and anorexia nervosa in a high school athlete: A case report. Journal of Athletic Training. 1999: 34:375-378
Han L, Nielsen D, Rosenthal N, Jefferson K, Kaye W, Murphy D, Altemus M, Humphries J, Cassano G, Rotondo A, Virkkunen M, Linnoila M, & Goldman D. No coding varient of the tryptophan hydroxylase gene detected in seasonal affective disoder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, and alcoholism. Biological Psychiatry. 1999:45:615-619.
Thiel A, Zurger M, Jacoby G, & Shussler G. Thirty month outcome in patients with anorexia or bulimia nervosa and concomitant obsessive-compulsive disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry. 1998: 155:244-249.
In contempt of Obama’s humble giving spirit, vivid personality, and many accomplishments, a debate is always at hand upon hearing the infamous name Barack Hussein Obama. From his place of birth, religion, and ethnicity Obama’s face a fair share of controversy. At the heels of adversity along with sheer determination to help others Obama became a leader that delivers and one of the most influential people of America. Adversity was introduced to Obama at an early age. With a Kenyan father and Caucasian mother residing in Hawaii, Obama has always stood out in numerous ways. In 1959 Barack Obama Senior was selected from a number of candidates to go to school in the US where he attended The University of Hawaii in Honolulu to
For Centuries in our society marriage between man and woman has been a practiced cultural right and custom. Over 90% of Americans will marry in their lifetime and roughly 50% of those marriages will result in Divorce. Many Sociological factors contribute to the high divorce rate expressed in our culture. Reasons that contribute to the divorce rate are longer life expectancy, women in the work force, birth control, social acceptance of cohabitation, single parenting and welfare reform. It is also now socially acceptable and legal to get a divorce due to dissatisfaction and unhappiness. This social acceptance of divorce implies that today there is a changing criteria when entering marriage. Couples today now insist on the element of personal fulfillment and happiness for entering wedlock, where as, in times past this was not one of the main considerations for man and woman to get married.
The DSM-IV definition of anorexia nervosa has four conditions. The definition states: "I) Refusal to maintain body weight for age and height; 2) intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight; 3) disturbance in the way in one's body weight, size, or shape is experienced, undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight; and 4) in females, ammenorrhea" (1). There remain two kinds of an nervosa as well the restricting ": "the person has not regularly engaged in binge-eating or purging behavior-" and the binge-eating/purging type.- "in which the person has regularly engaged in these behaviors" (1). Anorexia nervosa usually occurs during adolescence and in females. This definition becomes important in understanding the relationship between anorexia nervosa and obsessivecompulsive disorder.
There is no known exact cause of either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, but many factors play a role in the initial onset, such as: personality traits, low self-esteem, and social and cultural influences (Costin, 21). Many anorexics have specific personality traits that urge them to refrain from eating. Many are perfectionists that will diet and exercise and not eat until their bodies are perfect. Unfortunately, however, he or she never thinks their body is perfect, and continues their destructive cycle. Anorexics that are perfectionists also tend to want to be in control at all times. Often , they feel as though others are trying to force them to do
Obama emotionally influences the nation to move forward from the issues of race that is hindering America. Without dwelling on his family tree, Obama reminds us that his father was black and his mother white, that he came from Kenya, but she came from Kansas: “I am married to a black American who carries within her the blood of slave and slave owners — an inheritance we pass on to our two precious daughters. I have brothers, sisters, nieces, nephews, uncles, and cousins, of every race and every hue, scattered across three continents, and for as long as I live, I will never forget that in no other country on Earth is my story even possible.
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by refusal to maintain body weight over a minimum level considered normal for age and height, along with distorted body image, fear of fat and weight gain, and amenorrhea (absence of menstruation). Bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating followed by purging. These behaviors should occur at least twice a week for three months. Binge eating disorder typically occurs in patients who binge but do not purge. One must have bulimic episodes at least two days a week for six months but must not fit the criteria for bulimia nervosa. Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) includes a wide array of eating disturbances that do not fall into the anorexia, bulimia, or binge eating diagnosis. Anorexia athletics features an intense fear of becoming fat even though one is at least 5 percent below the expected normal weight range. Also, excessive exercising, restrictive energy intake, use of laxatives or diuretics, as well as planned binge eating (even around training schedules) all classify anorexia athletics. (Sundgot-Borgen, 1994)
In his detailed article, “Barack Obama’s Timeline Begins in 1961,” Mathis Truman recounts Obama’s journey towards making history. He emphasizes how Obama endured a horrendous childhood. In spite of his tribulations, Obama managed to be not only the first African American president in the United States but also the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. Throughout my intensive research, Truman’s article provided an accurate account of Obama’s life. He managed to not exclude any aspect of Obama’s journey while presenting the information with an unbiased tone. Thus, this comprehensive timeline by Truman is quite exceptional and will definitely add significance to my exploratory essay.
Barack Obama was elected the 44th president of the United States in the 2008 presidential election. He was the 1st African Americans elected. He wanted a change in direction and different tone in the country. He also wanted to cut taxes and expand health care within the United States. Barack Obama said, “Because of what we did on this day, in this election, in this defining moment, change has come to america.” This paper is going to tell you about the Social, Political, and Economic effects this presidency had on the United States.
Barack Obama’s education started when he enrolled into Punahou Academy. During high school, Obama excelled in academics as well as basketball. Barack graduated in 1979 and was one of three black students in his school. As a young man, Obama struggled with the problem of racism, and with the absence of his father. After the divorce of his parents, Barack only ever saw his father once more. It is said that nothing could be done to get his father to come back to Hawaii after leaving.
Barack Obama was born August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii. His parents were Stanley (Ann) Dunham and his father was Barack Obama Sr., they split up when he was only an infant. His mother was a White American from Kansas and his father was an African American from Kenya. After the divorce, he would only see his father about once or twice every year. He and his mother would always be moving around since the divorce, so she decided he would stay with his grandparents for a while. At one point in time, he was living Indonisia with his mother, he also had a pet ape named Tata. When his mother was around, she would always do what was best for him. When Barack was six, his mother would wake him up early to teach him to read and write. Unfortunately his father, Barack, died in 1982, in a fatal car crash. In 1995, his mother, Ann,
Barack Hussein Obama is known due to his accomplishment of being the first African American to serve as the president of the United States. Obama was born in the state of Hawaii where his grandparents raised him. He was raised in humble environment and learned to value his education. Obama was already successful before becoming president in which he learned a lot about politics as he was a US senator, a Harvard law president and even a teacher. He later decided to pursue his political career and lead the nation. Barack Obama's early life contributed to his actions of wanting to help the people and bring the citizens of the United States together. Many of his home, educational, political, and religious contexts helped influence his future career as he did become the 44th president and his life before led up to his accomplishment.
Barack Obama was liked by a lot of Americans. President Obama is the only African American President in history. He was the 44th president and served from 2009 to 2017. Before Obama became president in 2008, he was the state senator for the state of Illinois. Then changed the United States for the poor.
In the autobiography, Obama entails on the beginning journey of his life from early childhood to young adulthood. The novel begins with him finding out from his aunt that his father has passed away in Nairobi. Obama’s father left him and his mother when he was only 2 years old. Obama then talks about the family he grew up with, his mother and grandparents, and the racism they dealt with at a time when few accepted interracial relations and even more so marriages. He recalls being made fun of as a young child when other kids would make monkey noises when it was discovered his father was from Kenya. He then moves to Indonesia when his mother remarries, but then at 10 years old moves back to Hawaii where he spent his early childhood. It was with his grandparents that he developed much of his character and learned how strongly education was emphasized in his family. Obama also talks about how fascinated he was with by his father. As he grows a bit older into adolescence, Obama learns more about race relations and reads the book Heart of Darkness. This book helps him to see how white people look at black people, as a white man wrote the book talking about black people. He also delves into his marijuana use, which he used to help him during this confusing and rough period in his life. Obama’s story then ...
Barack Obama left Hawaii for Los Angeles, where he studied for two years before transferring to Columbia University in New York City. He graduated in 1983, and obviously his major was politi...
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