Annotated Bibliography
analytical Essay
1529 words
Source #1 Health for All: The Promise of the Affordable Health Care Act for Racially and Ethnically Diverse Populations The US government is struggling to implement the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obamacare. The ACA has four challenges, first, inequality, reducing health discrepancies among racial and ethnic minorities is a major focus of the law. Second, and perhaps the greatest challenge in the US health care system is inefficiency. The tremendous costs of the US system have worsened gaps for racial and ethnic minorities by making it difficult to afford health insurance. Even the ones who were able to afford it were only able to afford lowered end treatment. Persistent expansion of health insurance for minorities will require significant improvements in the efficiency of healthcare. Third, the US system is heavily relied on reliance on expensive, high tech care. For example, minorities without health insurance have commonly not had access to preventive services because of the expensive equipment that is used. Fourth, continuing public puzzlement is a problem for the implementation and political upkeep for the law. The only thing most people know about the act is the individual mandate that everyone has to have “minimum essential” health coverage. There was a poll released by Kaiser Health Tracking that affirmed this how uneducated people are on the ACA. The poll was released in April 2013, which revealed that 4 in 10 Americans are still unaware that the ACA is the law and is being implemented. Those who are aware of the law only half of them understand how the law will affect their family. For the people who are uninsured there is even a greater lack of understanding, 58% among diverse minorit... ... middle of paper ... ...e ACA is to be most effective there has to be a better way for allowing consumers to distinguish which plan is best for their needs. Ignoring the impact of the choice in plans could be an costly mistake. Johnson, Eric J., Ran Hassin, Tom Baker, Allison T. Bajger, and Galen Treuer. "Can Consumers Make Affordable Care Affordable? The Value of Choice Architecture." Ed. Thomas Boraud. PLoS ONE E81521 8.12 (2013): 1-6. Print. Source #5 (Book) Nowak, Sarah, Christine Eibner, David M. Adamson, and Evan Saltzman. Effects of the Affordable Care Act on Consumer Health Care Spending and Risk of Catastrophic Health Costs. N.p.: RAND Corporation, 2013. Stable URL: Http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt5hhv2q. Web. Source #6 (Book) Jacobs, Lawrence R., and Theda Skocpol. Health Care Reform and American Politics: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York: Oxford UP, 2010. Print.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the us government is struggling to implement the patient protection and affordable care act (aca), also known as obamacare.
- Explains that racial and ethnic minorities have poorer health than whites, such as chronic diseases, life expectancy, and infant mortality.
- States kimbroughmelton, robin j. "health for all: the promise of the affordable health care act for racially and ethnically diverse populations." american journal of orthopsychiatry.
- Explains why most americans will continue to depend on their employer for health insurance even after obamacare is implanted in 2014. employers with low-wage workers would be less likely to provide health coverage.
- Explains that employers will be penalized for not giving their employees health insurance, but they can raise salaries to pay for better health care and results with a win-win situation.
- Concludes that massachusetts had health care reform similar to that of the aca and concluded that the employer-coverage would remain intact.
- Analyzes blumberg, buettgens, feder, and holahan's "why employers will continue to provide health insurance: the impact of the affordable care act."
- Argues that the affordable care act shows how the us needs to change its perspectives and approach towards minority populations and the issue of health care that comes with it.
- Opines that the greatest effect of the aca on ethnic health gaps will come from the broad provisions intended at reducing economic hurdles to care.
- Explains that the affordable care act requires that all insurance plans make sure one be covered for preventive care. the expansion of medicaid eligibility to all households below 133% of the federal poverty level is an unsolved issue.
- Opines that the affordable care act is the first step to eliminate health disparities and represents the greatest advancement in us health care since medicare and medicaid were initiated in 1965.
- Analyzes errickson, sadye paez, "what will health-care reform mean for minority health disparities?" public health reports.
- Explains that americans are part of an experiment where they have to choose the best health care plan for them and the one that will hopefully drive down the price among competitors.
- Explains that most people who make the decision on which plan to choose have never had health insurance and are uneducated.
- Compares the results of the first experiment, where participants were asked to pick a plan for their family of three. economists think that people overweight deductibles and out of pocket costs and underweight premiums.
- Opines that consumers need help choosing a plan; if they don't choose the most cost-efficient plan, there would be no pressure on competitors to lower prices.
- Explains johnson, eric j., ran hassin, tom baker, allison t. bajger, and galen treuer, "can consumers make affordable care affordable? the value of choice architecture."
- Explains the effects of the affordable care act on consumer health care spending and risk of catastrophic health costs.
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- The Affordable Care Actexplanatory essayThis paper discusses the Affordable Care Act and questions that were given to us by our instructor. The Affordable Care Act, or ACA, is a health care system reform that was implemented in 2010 by Obama, the current, and then president. There was a great deal of debate when the reform came about, and what it would mean for companies, individuals, and medical care providers. Ultimately, it was designed to bring a reform to the nation’s broken health care system ((Manchikanti, Caraway, Parr, Fellows, & Hirsch, 2010). There were so many individuals without health insurance who did not get the care they needed, and this reform came about to try and create a more equal and fair system that gives everybody a sort of equal chance at insurance and health care. Like any change, it’s frightening when something new and unknown comes about, and that is exactly what this did. There were many who were unhappy with it getting passed, as well as many who were pleased with it. This didn’t just fall onto Republicans or Democrats, but individuals who were in the health care systems, like medical care providers and certain insurance companies, which it would affect. In this paper we aim to examine some background information about the Affordable Care Act, key questions that relate to it, and explore some new information learned about the ACA through this course and its readings.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the affordable care act, or aca, is a health care reform that was implemented in 2010 by obama, the current, and then president.
- Explains that the affordable care act became law on march 23, 2010, but some provisions didn't go into effect until june 21, 2010, with the majority not taking hold until 2014 and later dates.
- States that the aca requires virtually all us citizens and legal residents to have insurance coverage meeting a federally determined "essential benefits" standard.
- States that employers with 50 or more full-time employees face a financial penalty if their employees are not enrolled in an employer-sponsored health plan meeting the essential benefit standards and apply for federal subsidies for individually purchased insurance.
- Explains that the aca eliminates the categorical eligibility requirement and requires that states make all us citizens and legal residents below 133% of the federal poverty level eligible for their medicaid programs.
- Explains that the aca also imposes new rules on private insurance, including a requirement that private health plans allow young adults up to age 26 to remain covered as dependents under their parents’ health insurance policies.
- States that the funding would come from direct tax penalties if citizens have no health plan through their job or have not purchased one on their own, and indirect expenses for job-based plans.
- Explains that the aca is looking to improve health insurance issues and the way health care is delivered.
- Explains why stakeholders are negatively affected by the affordable care act. the problem is that they would be paying money each year to help support this program and health care providers would receive less money to compensate for costs.
- Opines that the government is looking for political support to keep the affordable care act going.
- Opines that it will be interesting to see what comes from the affordable care act in the future and what happens when obama is no longer president and there is a new individual.
- Explains that bodenheimer, s., and grumbach, k. (2012). understanding health policy: a clinical approach. mcgraw hill publishing.
- Cites manchikanti, caraway, parr, a. t., fellows, bert, and hirsch, j.
- Explains mann, e., & ornstein, n. j. intensive care: how congress shapes health policy.
1784 wordsRead More - Argumentative Essay On The Affordable Care Actopinion essayThe main advantage of the Affordable Care Act is that it lowers health care costs overall by making insurance affordable for more people. First, it wi...
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the affordable care act is doing the opposite of what democrats promised it would do. it includes the largest health care tax cut in history for middle class families.
- Explains that health care reform is needed for four reasons. first, the average cost for a family of four increased 7.3%, to $19,393. the second reason is to improve the quality of care.
- Explains that the affordable care act lowers health care costs overall by making insurance affordable for more people.
- Explains that obamacare creates state specific health insurance marketplaces where individuals, families, and small businesses can shop for subsidized insurance and find out if they qualify for medicaid, chip, or medicare.
- Explains that the affordable care act is constitutional because it creates new protections to ensure your insurance plan covers you when you need it, strengthens the primary care system, and supports community health centers.
- Explains that the affordable care act is unaffordable for america because of the individual mandate, which doesn't solve the healthcare system's problems.
- Concludes that the affordable care act is constitutional and a good idea for america. many americans already like it.
823 wordsRead More - America Needs Obamacareopinion essayIn the United States, the health market system is defective to the citizen. Even though the market is available to all citizens; There are at least half of a million Americans without health insurance plans. The costs of health in the United States have historically been unfavorable. This can be traced to the fact that the health sector is driven by a market-based system (Fernandez, 2010; Harris, 2011). This means that most of the health insurance companies are privately owned. The companies provide including basic medical expense plans and catastrophic hospital expense plans to accommodate the needs of consumers. It also offers supplemental products that provide protection against risks, including dental, vision, disability, critical illness, accident, hospital indemnity, and multi-benefit products. For many years, the American population had been subjected to severe exploitation by medical insurers, through imposition of hefty medical covers. The establishment of the The Patient Protection & Affordable Care Act is now one of the most historical acts in the United States, considering that the act was championed by the United States president; Barack Obama. In the recent past, various policies introduced by the government have positively affected health care system in the United States. Consumers who are displeased with minimum restrictions of health care insurers may avoid signing up for insurance plans. As an example, since the beginning of the Obama care plan; health insurance for family coverage’s has risen up to $5,000 dollars. The premiums are low but the deductibles are high. Government taxes may cause little freedom and discourage patients to apply for health insurance. This can cause a downfall for physicians and organi...
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the health market system in the united states is defective to the citizen, since most health insurance companies are privately owned. the affordable care act was championed by barack obama.
- Opines that the government should control the medical health insurance companies, which had previously been allowed to dominate the health care cover without regulations.
- Explains that failure to risk-rate health insurance policy results in three types of market failure: moral hazard affects the medical care purchase market; low-risks consumers subsidize the insurance purchases of high risks; and optimal spending on health promotion activities will not be met.
- Explains that health insurance is to offer consumer-friendly health care policies. the house and senate exchanges on health are similar in that they seek and make standardized benefits for all of the heart.
- Opines that the senate bill is best because the state has the knowledge and information on local insurers, and it is favorable to all beneficiaries since it requires all nations to make substitutions.
- Explains that the patient protection and affordable care act (ppaca) ensures that every american citizen is able to access and afford quality health care.
- Analyzes the significance of the ppaca by highlighting its features. the law does not allow rescinding of medical care covered by the medical insurers.
- Opines that the ppaca is timely and should be supported.
- Concludes that the health markets insurances will have a positive impact on the united states health care system.
- Cites jost, t. s. (2009). legal solutions in health reform: health insurance exchanges.
- Explains o'malley's medigraphics: a new perspective on health care markets.
- Explains marton, c, and martin, w. how health care reform will affect you.
- States that ubokudom, e. s. (2012), us health care policy making: ideological. social and cultural differences and major influences.
1613 wordsRead More - The Affordable Care Actanalytical essayIn 2012, over 47 million Americans were uninsured. Due to the rising costs of health care, decreases in employer sponsored health care, and ineligibility gaps for public programs, the number of insured people has steadily increased (KFF, 2013). In an effort to overhaul the broken, fragmented system, massive health care reform has been launched. The most far-reaching law affecting managed care since the creation of Medicare and Medicaid, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act “ACA” was signed into law on March 23, 2010 (Kongstvedt, 2013). This controversial and comprehensive piece of legislation focuses on provisions to expand coverage improves health care delivery systems, increase consumer protection, and control health care costs (KFF, 2013).
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes the impact of the affordable care act on current and future practices of health insurance and managed care.
- Explains the key provisions of the affordable care act, which are designed to decrease obstacles for obtaining health care coverage and accessing care.
- Explains that states will have the potential to change how health plans are designed through the creation of their health insurance exchanges.
- Explains that the aca seeks to lower health care costs by encouraging providers to create integrated healthcare delivery systems. the centers for medicare and medicaid has become a strong advocate in the creation of acos.
- Argues that the new legislation affects many different types of health care providers, but one could argue that hospitals are being treated unfairly.
- Opines that expanded medicaid and newly insured will have an effect on hospitals as they struggle to meet the demand of insured patients and follow the aca's requirements to improve better quality measures.
- Cites bihari, tunis, and weiner, who have written about the affordable care act.
- Introduces kongstvedt, p.r., maniam, black, and leavell, h. the financial and economic effects of the patient protection and affordable care act.
1904 wordsRead More - American Access to Health Careexplanatory essayHealth care in the United States is driven by a patchwork of services and financing. Americans access health care services in a variety of ways — from private physicians’ offices, to public hospitals, to safety-net providers. This diverse network of health care providers is supported by an equally diverse set of funding streams. The United States spends almost twice as much on health care as any other country, topping $2 trillion each year. (WHO.INT 2000) However, even with overall spending amounting to more than $7,400 per person, millions of individuals cannot access the health care services they need.(Foundation 2009) So when the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (a.k.a the Affordable Care Act or ACA) was passed in the summer of 2010, It was perfect timing that this was my first course in the MMI program. The goal of the course was to provide students with a deeper understanding of how Americans access care. Therefore, it was suitable that a significant portion of the course focused on how access to care would change once the act was implemented.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that health care in the united states is driven by a patchwork of services and financing. the course focused on how access to care would change once the aca was implemented.
- Explains that the course began with an examination of the health behaviors of americans. they advocated government involvement with one specific criterion.
- Explains the three main provisions of the affordable care act, including expanding access to medicaid, reforming the private health insurance market, and reinforcing our nation's health care infrastructure.
- Opines that mmi 401 was the best way to start their start of medical informatics. to understand how technology will improve access and quality of healthcare, it is important to understand the challenges the system is facing.
870 wordsRead More - Degrading Public Health- Destroying Human Dignityanalytical essayIn December of 2013, the CDC revealed the findings from a National Health Interview Survey concerning the possession of health insurance and the availability of access to treatment. Based on their survey, the CDC discovered 5% of their interviewees could not receive access to physician treatment within the last 12 months, due to physician refusal to accept new patients (2.1%) or their health care coverage (2.9%). At the same time 2.1% of the data body experienced difficulty "finding a general doctor" (“Products - Data Briefs - Number 138 - December 2013”). These Americans represent a small amount of the vast population in need of healthcare coverage. The article, "Young Adults Seeking Medical Care: Do Race and Ethnicity Matter," reveals the full e...
In this essay, the author
- Analyzes missouri's approach to "combat" the national healthcare access and inequality crisis, its impact on society, and moral implications.
- Explains that the cdc revealed the findings from a national health interview survey concerning the possession of health insurance and the availability of access to treatment.
- Analyzes bloom and cohen's article that states that 31.3% of americans (20-29 years of age) did not have health insurance. lacking this important asset can be the difference between life and death.
- Analyzes how missouri ranks last in the country in regards to public health spending. hawaii averages $144.99 dollars, while missouri offers $5.86 per person.
- Explains that the disregard for human suffering emanating from the state of missouri affects all individuals living in missouri, especially those without health insurance.
- Analyzes how the state of missouri disrespects the dignity of the human person by ignoring the discrimination in healthcare coverage between ethnicities and the isolation of individuals from medical care.
- Explains that immanuel kant proposed three main propositions for morality. the first recognized actions performed from duty as the only activities with moral worth.
- Analyzes how kant's second proposition reveals the morality behind a dutiful act. the third proposition defines duty as the necessity of acting from respect of the law.
- Explains that kant classifies the world into two types of beings, things and persons. things have "conditional value"; they are replaceable and have a price.
- States kant's basic principles, which define a moral action, and the tools by which to perform our moral duty.
- Argues that missouri's policy destroys the first criterion of the imperative, equal treatment for all persons, by ignoring the tragedy of unequal access to healthcare.
- Analyzes how divine command theorists stand at opposition to kantian thought. they profess god alone defines morality.
- Analyzes kant's argument that social contract theorists have sacrificed their freedom to an alien will by allowing the sovereign to determine the morality for all.
1895 wordsRead More - In 2010, the United States took the first tangible step toward universal health care coverage, with the legalization of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010. According to the U.S. Census Bureau’s most recent report the total population of the United States is nearly 309 million people (U.S. Census Bureau, 2010). In 2009, it was estimated 49 % of the population was covered under an employer sponsored insurance plan (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009). The same 2009 data reported an additional 29 % of the population was covered under some form of government or public program (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009). Leaving 17 % of the U.S. population vulnerable without any form of health insurance coverage (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2009). It is this minority that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 will protect.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that in 2010, the united states took the first tangible step toward universal health care coverage with the legalization of the patient protection and affordable care act of 2010.
- Explains that the new legislation provides insurance coverage for all citizens ensuring access to medical care.
- Explains the cost of health care in the united states is financed through primary sources: corporations, a family or individual, private insurance companies and government programs.
- Argues that the patient protection and affordable care act of 2010 addresses the issues of quality in u.s. health care.
- Opines that the affordable care act is a good first step, but it's not the end of the road.
- Cites the kaiser commission on medicade and the uninsured and the difference health insurance makes.
2381 wordsRead More - The purpose of this paper is to serve as an overview and summary of the major points found in “Health Care Reform and Equity: Promise, Pitfalls, and Prescriptions” (Fiscella, 2011) This article outlines both good, potentially bad of health care reform and possible solutions to improve on the program.
In this essay, the author
- Explains the purpose of this paper, which is to serve as an overview and summary of the major points found in fiscella's "health care reform and equity: promise, pitfalls, and prescriptions".
- Opines that aca provisions will eventually expand insurance coverage to 32 million uninsured persons, but the congressional budget office estimates that health care reform may still leave 23 million persons without any coverage.
- Opines that the expansion of health centers in the primary care portion of the country stands out to them. restructuring and reforming how patients are taken care of regardless of social stature.
- Opines that providing quality healthcare is of the upmost priorities. through various programs participating, it will further facilitate technology diffusion, infrastructure, and exchange capabilities within regions across the country.
- Opines that developing payment models that even the playing field for everyone is important. creating incentives for providers and health care specialists may "produce better alignment between patient needs and resources."
- Opines that once health care is effective, you need to sit back and monitor it. the feedback loop between quality and equity reporting and corrective federal, state, and local policies will be critical given the enormous complexity of reforms.
- Explains that the first fundamental challenge is aligning health care resources with patient’s needs, and the second is revitalization of primary care, especially for underserved patients.
- Outlines six key take away points from the article: improving health care system access, focusing on primary care, and monitoring health disparities.
883 wordsRead More - The ACA has addressed many of the gaps in coverage that existed under the previous health care system. Prior to the enactment of the ACA, high morbidity and mortality rates were prominent among the uninsured and underinsured (Kocher, Emanuel, & DeParie, 2010). According to Kocher and his colleagues (2010), financial barriers are the most cited cause for lack of insurance and inadequate insurance. However, when the ACA was enacted, this problem was addressed by expanding Medicaid coverage to assist low income families and individuals.
In this essay, the author
- Opines that the current policy under the aca is that low income families or individuals must have an income at or below 400% of the federally established guideline to be eligible for certain federal assistance.
- Explains that individuals from low-income families or individuals with chronic illness may not have the financial resources to afford access to the health care services needed to manage their conditions.
- Opines that the aca needs to be amended to address the issue of health literacy.
- Explains that the aca addressed many of the gaps in coverage that existed under the previous health care system.
1105 wordsRead More - Argumentative Essay On Right To Healthcareanalytical essayOne of the many issues being debated within the United States is whether or not all Americans have the Right to Healthcare. The right to healthcare has been a debated since the beginning of the 20th century. During the 1930s, healthcare for all citizens was being considered by the President and various other national organizations. Several attempts were made to pass legislation on healthcare, but the legislation was unable to get full support by Congress. It wasn’t until the 1960s, legislation was passed as Medicare (The Social Security Act Amendments of 1965), “Although a national health program for all US citizens was not achieved, proponents of the plan continued to advocate for government-funded health insurance by shifting focus to providing coverage to Americans over the age of 65 and the economically disadvantaged.” (ProCon.org 2016) Over the next decades, major changes to the current healthcare system at the time would not occur until 1993 where President Clinton delivered a speech to Congress, in which several months later the Health Security Act was passed. The Health Security Act was the first form of a universal healthcare system within the United States, but it too had its issues and didn’t quite provide healthcare for all citizens. But, during 2010 President Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. As in the previous healthcare law, debate continues on whether or not it guarantees, each citizen the right to healthcare.
In this essay, the author
- Explains that the right to healthcare has been debated since the beginning of the 20th century. the health security act was the first form of a universal healthcare system within the united states.
- Evaluates the current system (affordable care act), taking into account the past few years, where it has been proven that a majority of the american citizens are now insured.
- Explains that americans are divided on the state of the affordable care act due to the mistrust in the government and the discussion of it by the newly elected president.
- Argues that the government could amend the current system in certain areas by establishing a "public option" that allows those currently insured by the affordable care act under private insurance companies to be insured.
- Opines that the current healthcare system is working and has proven itself to provide the right to healthcare for all citizens. it must be evaluated and changed if it no longer is for the best interest of those it protects.
- Cites cassidy, john, gass, erin seidle, timothy o. lenz, and mirya.
- Explains procon.org's 2016 background of the issue. richard sorian, 2016. president-elect trump & healthcare.
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