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Religion in American colonies
Religion in American colonies
Essay on puritanism
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One foundation in the development of Colonial America was the right of religious freedom. Ironically this ideology lead to the banishment and excommunication of Anne Hutchinson from the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Puritan church, however she and her followers migrated to Rhode Island and continued to practice their beliefs. Her deviance from the Puritan belief that salvation is earned by “good works” and advocating that salvation is derived from “grace from God” brought attention to her weekly women’s Bible studies. She stood firm in her convictions and defied the Puritan leaders and Governor which was prohibited for women living in this era. Puritan women were not allowed to speak or think for themselves, yet Anne Hutchinson chose to fervently express her beliefs. Her views on salvation and admission to heaven created a following that threatened the Puritan ideas and would eventually lead to a new Protestant doctrine. She was a prominent figure in the realization of religious freedom, women in ministry and the feminist movement. Anne Hutchinson was born in Alford, England in 1591 to Bridget Dryden, a schoolteacher, and Frances Marbury, a minister. She was home schooled by her parents and they wanted to make sure their children, especially the girls received an education that would be equivalent to those provided to boys during that era. By reading religious books from her father’s library, she discovered more questions than the books provided answers. Because of this extensive education, she was not afraid to question the Church’s authority in the details of doctrine. She married William Hutchinson when she was 21 years old and they began to follow John Cotton, one of England’s leading Puritans, who was ministe... ... middle of paper ... ...at was paid for the opportunity to openly express our views both politically and religiously. Works Cited Foster, Warren Dunham. Heroines of Modern Religion. “Anne Hutchinson”. Freeport New York: Libraries Press. 1970. Print. Jacobs, William Jay. Great Lives, Human Rights. New York New York: Simon and Schuster. 1990. Print. LaPlante, Eve (2004). American Jezebel, the Uncommon Life of Anne Hutchinson, the Woman who Defied the Puritans. San Francisco: Harper Collins. 2003. Print. Morgan, Edward. The Puritan Dilemma. “Trial and Interrogation of Anne Hutchinson (1637)” http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/bdorsey1/41docs/30-hut.html. Web. 1 Feb 2014 Winthrop, John. “Winthrop’s Journal “History of New England” 1630-1649. Vol. I. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1908 http://www.archive.org/details/winthropsjournal00wint. Web. 1 Feb 2014
Anne Hutchinson's efforts, according to some viewpoints, may have been a failure, but they revealed in unmistakable manner the emotional starvation of Puritan womanhood. Women, saddened by their hardships, depressed by their religion, denied an open love for beauty...flocked with eagerness to hear this feminine radical...a very little listening seems to have convinced them that this woman understood the female heart far better than did John Cotton of any other male pastor of the settlements. (C. Holliday, pps. 45-46.)
James, Edward, Janet James, and Paul Boyer. Notable American Women, 1607-1950. Volume III: P-Z. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971. Print.
Anne Bradstreet’s inability to perfect her work before it was released frustrated her to the point where she internalizes the book’s imperfections as a reflection of herself. Bradstreet uses an extended metaphor of a mother and a child to compare the relationship between herself as the author and her book. Rather than investing her spirit in God, she repeatedly focuses on trying to improve the quality of her writing with no success, “I washed thy face, but more defects I saw” (Bradstreet 13). Like a mother protecting her child, Bradstreet’s attempts to prevent critics from negatively analyzing her work of art (20). Her continuous obsession about people’s opinions consumed in the Earthly world and essentially distracted her from developing a spiritual relationship with God. Bradstreet was enveloped by her dissatisfaction with her to the point of ridiculing herself, “Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble mind” (1). It was obvious that her mind and spiritual
Rosenthal. Bernard. Salem Story: Reading the Witch Trials of 1692. Cambridge Mass: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Feinberg, J. “ The Nature and Value of Rights.” Journal of Value Inquiry 4(1970): 243
Anne Bradstreet’s poetry resembles a quiet pond. Her quiet puritan thinking acts as the calm surface that bears a resemblance to her natural values and religious beliefs. Underneath the pond there is an abundance of activity comparable to her becoming the first notable poet in American Literature. Anne Bradstreet did not obtain the first notable poet’s title very easily; she endured sickness, lack of food, and primitive living conditions during her time in the New World. Despite these misfortunes she used her emotions and strong educational background to write extraordinarily well for a woman in that time.
Hinds, Maurene J. Witchcraft on Trial: From the Salem Witch Hunts to the Crucible. Library ed. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow, 2009. Print.
Reis, Elizabeth. Damned Women: Sinners and Witches in Puritan New England.( New York: Cornell University Press, 1999), 107-108.
Her style of writing is common for this time period however it was uncommon for a woman to be doing the writing. In one of her poems, "In Reference to Her Children, 23 June, 1659" she portrays her children as birds relating it back to nature. The nature aspect adds a tranquil feeling to her poems. She describes her children's lives as if they were birds and goes on to close the poem by saying "farewell my birds, farewell adieu"(Bradstreet 92). She uses nature in this poem to make her children seem simple and calm. She writes about religion is in almost every one of her works, but it is most clear in "A Dialogue Between Old England and New" where she lists out the difference between the two lands. She writes "Before I tell the effect I'll show my cause, which are my sins-- the breach of sacred laws"(Bradstreet 90). In this line she is referring to the old England and their secular ways, she feels that by taking place in the ways of the old England that she has committed many sins. She came to America to correct her ways and to spread her religion. This poem tells the good and the bad of both lands. She pays homage to the problems with England and tells of her hopes for the future of America. She was also a realist, she told life to way it was. In "Upon a Fit of Sickness , Anno 1632 Aetatis Suae" she is very placid about the fact that she
She believed that: "1.One can feel one's salvation and is filled with the spirit of God after conversion. 2.One needn't be learned in the Bible or in the Puritan writers in order to be saved. 3.The ministers are all under the covenant of works, except John Cotton, who is under the covenant of grace.4. Inner light is the guarantee of salvation.5. All responsibility for salvation is placed on Christ. 6.Every person has the ear of God if only he or she would ask for it, and listen to the answer. 7.Indian slavery is wrong - people of all skin colors are of one blood. 8.Sunday shouldn't be set aside as the Lord's Day because every day is the Lord's day. 9.Christians will have new bodies when they get to heaven.10.Predestination is unfounded.11.Prayers should not be memorized, but inspired by love for God, waiting on Him.12.Holy Spirit dwells within each Christian like a personal union.
Declaration of Human Rights: Dignity and Justice for All of Us. Accessed on October 29,
Ann Charters. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, a 2011 book. 1629 - 1631. Print. The.
The male Puritans of the Massachusetts Bay Colony did not like women to think that they were above them, such evidence is the trial of Anne Hutchinson at Massachusetts Bay in 1637. The document is a transcripts of Anne’s trial. Anne Hutchinson was a rebel during her time and she was fond of the concept of Antinomianism, if your not as fond with this concept,let’s break it down “Antinomiansim” is a greek word it is formed from the words “anti” and “nomos”, “anti” means against and “nomos” means law when combined they form antinomianism which means in its simplest form, against the law or against laws. The transcript was most likely at first kept just for records but eventually it was kept not only to preserve history but to capture the human spirit.
Up until the early 17th century, American literature was chiefly about politics, religion, and recorded events. These writings were very dry and lacked insight into the everyday lives of the authors. To put into writing any individual spiritual reflections that strayed away from the religion of the colony could be dangerous at that time; possibly resulting in banishment from the colony or worse. Likewise, any writing that did not serve at least one of the purposes listed above was considered to be a waste of time that would be better spent praising God. Anne Bradstreet defied the rules of her time by writing about whatever she wanted including personal thoughts, reflections, emotions, and events. Bradstreet was the first to write about personal matters, which is her greatest literary contribution in early American literature.
Declaration of Human Rights: Dignity and Justice for All of Us. Accessed on October 29,