Patient’s admitting health challenge was a revision of a left ankle replacement which is also known as a total ankle arthroplasty. The procedure involved revising the previous procedure and installing a new prosthesis in its place in order to closely imitate natural ankle movement as well as resolving the source of chronic pain at its source (Lewis et al, 2014). The ankle replacement was largely required do to rheumatoid arthritis, a concurrent health challenge that effects small joints at first but can eventually effect ankle joints (Lewis et al, 2014). Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease that is both chronic and systemic. It is characterized by inflammation of the connective tissue in the synovial joints as the autoimmune theory suggests …show more content…
Treatments for rheumatoid arthritis aside from pharmacological intervention include surgery, due to more progressive forms of rheumatoid arthritis that lead to contractures as a result of severe joint destruction (Lewis et al, 2014). The severe joint destruction is what impacted the patient to have an ankle replacement and because it is a systemic disease, she may also need one on her right ankle as well. Diabetes Mellitus Type II is another health challenge that can have a significant impact on patient’s health challenge. Type 2 DM is a result of insulin resistance due to a defect in insulin receptors that stimulates the compensatory mechanism related to insulin production in the pancreas, to be increased. This ultimately causes a defect in the beta cells in the pancreas that create insulin due to the cells becoming fatigued due to increase demand. This eventually leads to decreased insulin production that does not meet the bodies; it manifests as hyperglycemia and consequently, the diagnosis of diabetes (Lewis et al,
This article is about the results of a survey conducted by three PhD’s; Janet Simon, Matthew Donahue, and Carrie Docherty, and was published by the International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training. The purpose of the survey was to determine Athletic Trainers current utilization of ankle support, and to determine ATs current attitudes towards the use of ankle taping and bracing. It gives some history and benefits of ankle bracing and taping, and how it has become a multimillion dollar industry, considering that 66-73% of all college athletes have reported an ankle sprain. Also, a third of people with ankle sprains will either re-sprain the ankle or report feelings of instability after the initial sprain. Ankle taping has become essential part of sports medicine,
According to Lewis and associates, DM is a chronic disease that affects multiple body systems. For the purpose of this paper, only DM type 2 will be discussed based on the assumption that a majority of patients aged 60 years or older have this type. The primary defects of this disease consist of insulin resistance, decreased insulin production, inappropriate glucose production by the liver, and alterations in production of adipokines. Insulin resistance is the result of defects in the body’s insulin receptors. This finding predates all cases of DM type 2 and the development of impaired glucose tolerance. In insulin resistance, beta cells in the pancreas are stimulated to increase insulin production to compensate for the lack of response by the insulin receptors. Gradually, the beta cells begin to fail to secrete enough insulin to meet the body’s demands resulting in hyperglycemia. As a result of increased glucose in the liver, the liver begins to malfunction and release glucose at inappropriate times, thereby worsening hyperglycemia. Adding to the problem, glucose and fat metabolism is altered in adipose tissue, which is generally abundant in those with DM type 2. (Lewis et al., 2011)
Dr. Friedman underlines some of the most common existing treatments for type 1 diabetes. Insulin is used to correct the imbalances in blood sugar and patients are required to reduce the amount of dietary protein they consume. This type of treatment focuses on slowing the possibility of developing kidney disease and retinopathy. For many diabetics, the time will come when their damaged kidneys are no longer sufficiently cleaning the blood and they must begin dialysis. When a diabetic reaches the ESRD stage, the likely option is kidney transplant. Dr. Friedman adds that a kidney transplant will not solve the problem and the disease will eventually progress without a pancreas transplant.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory and an autoimmune disease that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s tissue (Rheumatoid arthritis, 2017). This disease affects the entire body, which is called a systemic (means entire body) disease. Arthritis is derived from the word part arthr-, which means “joint,” and -itis, which means “inflammation,” so altogether it means “inflammation of the joints.” It creates inflammation that causes the tissue that lines the inside of joints (synovium) to thicken. About 1.5 million people in the U.S. are affected. It affects all races, but it affects three times as many women than men (What is Rheumatoid Arthritis, n.d.). Overtime, rheumatoid arthritis causes painful swelling that can potentially result in bone erosion or joint deformity, which leads up to physical disabilities. RA can affect more than just your joints, but can spread to body systems, skin, eyes, lungs, heart, blood vessels, e.t.c (Rheumatoid arthritis, 2017).
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common form of arthritis, affecting more than 27 million Americans (LeMone, Burke, Bauldoff, 2011). It is caused when the cartilage in the joints breaks down, causing the bones of the joint to rub against one another. This causes pain, stiffness, and loss of motion in the joint. Osteoarthritis is most prevalent in those 65 and older, but can affect those of any age. In addition, African Americans and Hispanics report a higher incidence of arthritis than Caucasians (LeMone, Burke, Bauldoff, 2011). Although the cause is unknown, it is believed that the increasing age of the population, prevalence of obesity and injuries add to the progression of the condition. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body; however, those of the hand, hip, and knee are often the most common. This condition may be asymptomatic, or may present symptoms including soreness, stiffness and pain. The symptoms are more common in the older population, those with limited activity levels, and those who are obese. Joint cartilage thins over time, causing an increased risk for symptoms in the elderly, and obesity puts extra pressure on the joints during activity. Osteoarthritis is commonly diagnosed with the use of a physical assessment along with results of radiology testing such as X-Ray and MRI.
Arthritis affects people of all age groups. More than 100 types of arthritis are known. Among these osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis having the highest incidence. One of the major causes of chronic debilitation in industrialized nations is Osteoarthritis which results from damage to the joints, which may be due to trauma, infection, or age-related wear. Rheumatoid arthritis is encountered less frequently than osteoarthritis and is estimated to affect around one per cent of the world’s population. Amongst patients of Rheumatoid arthritis, women are three times more likely to be affected by this condition than men. This condition is caused by an inflammatory process where the body starts attacking itself. Rheumatoid arthritis also affects several joints, with inflammation sometimes seen in and around the lungs, the heart, the eyes and the skin. The most commonly reported complaint by arthritis patients is pain. The pain might be from the joint itself and be a result of inflammation, damage from the disease, or through daily wear and tear. Muscle pain is also common and is caused by having to force movements against stiff and painful joints. Although range of movement in the affected joint may be limited and uncomfortable, physical exercise has been shown to benefit those with arthritis. Physical therapy has been shown to significantly improve function, decrease pain in the long term and delay the need for surgery in advanced cases. The majority of arthritis cases occur among theelderly, however the disease can occur in children as well. Over 70% of the population that get affected by arthritis in North America are over the age of 65 (4). The disease occurs more commonly in females than males in all races, age groups, and ethn...
Bibliography: Arthritis Foundation, Understanding Arthritis (1986); Kelley, William N., et al., eds., Textbook of Rheumatology, 2d ed., (1985); McCarty, Daniel F., ed., Arthritis and Allied Conditions, 11th ed. (1988); Moll, J. M. H., Rheumatology in Clinical Practice (1987).
Total Hip Replacement (THR) is a surgical procedure that relieves pain from most kinds of hip arthritis, thus helping to improve the quality of life for the majority of the patients that undergo the operation. Arthritis simply means "inflammation of a joint." Arthritis can occur in any joint in the body. The main symptom of arthritis is pain which usually worsens with activity and weight bearing. This pain may be relieved most of the time through rest. There are over 100 types of arthritis but less than a handful account for over than 95 percent of the hip replacements that are performed. Some of these include Osteoarthritis (causes deterioration of the cartilage and the growth of bone spurs), Rheumatoid arthritis and Osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Doctors suggest that before considering hip replacement surgery for arthritis that the patient tries a number of non-operative interventions. Your doctor may have you consider little things such as weight loss (most arthritis is caused due to the weight bearing on a joint), activity modification or even the use of a cane. Patients should consider THR when daily living activities become harder to accomplish due to the pain. These activities would include walking, climbing stairs or other moderate pastimes. Anti-inflammatory medications which will help reduce the inflammation from the arthritis and reduce your pain may also be prescribed by the patient's doctor.
During my residency, I had the opportunity to work with the Rheumatology Rehabilitation team at the University of Alberta (U of A). I met passionate mentors in physical and occupational therapy dedicated to helping arthritis patients preserve and optimize joint function. There was one man with rheumatoid arthritis attending the program who said the most important learning point he wanted me to take away was how much his rheumatologist and the rehab team had changed his life. Prior to starting biologic therapy, he was completely debilitated in his day-to-day life and unable to perform simple activities such as picking up his young children. He now found himself not only with disease control, but also quality of life. I value the multidisciplinary approach in rheumatology and emphasis on treating the “whole” patient, rather than a single organ
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic health issue faced by 347 million people around the world as stated by the World Health Organization (WHO) (2013). It is predicted by the year 2030 over 366 million people will be diagnosed with diabetes (Stein, Eible, Sbruzzi, Lago, & Plentz, 2013). According to Stein et al (2013), 50% of DM cases will experience some type of neuropathy in their lifetime. "Chronic hyperglycemia is a major factor that induces nerve fiber injury" (Bulut, Ozcan, Cakan, Bektas, & Culha, 2010, p. 914). The pain caused by the damage is described as "burning, tingling, lancinating, formicating, aching, or tearing" (Wunderlich, Peters, Bosma, & Armstrong, 1998, p. 895).
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic health condition in which the level of glucose in the blood is higher than usual. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not create enough insulin and type 2 diabetes occurs when insulin is produced, but is not adequate in lowering blood glucose levels or there is resistance to the insulin (Edwards, 2007, p. 9). Diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease, foot and leg amputations, and new cases of blindness in the United States (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1465-66). People with type 1 diabetes are required to take insulin to manage their glucose levels. People with type 2 diabetes are usually prescribed oral medications such as sulfonylurea agents, meglitinide analogues, or biguanides to help control their glucose levels. Twenty to 30% of people with type 2 diabetes require insulin therapy as well (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2010, p. 1471). In addition to medication therapy, diet and weight control can help manage both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Because diabetes mellitus can cause such severe complications, it is important that people with diabetes understand the importance of certain health and lifestyle choices, such as their diet and weight to manage their disease. Patients with diabetes mellitus should pay special attention to the amount of carbohydrates, protein, fat, and minerals that are included in their diet. Monitoring these components of their diet, along with weight management, can help control their diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes is becoming an increasing problem in the United States, with half of all Americans becoming either diabetic or pre-diabetic. Treatments for Type-1 diabetes include taking insulin to help increase your glucose levels (blood sugar), eating healthy, maintaining healthy weight, and monitoring your daily levels. Type-2 treatments include most of Type-1’s treatments (excluding the taking of insulin) and in some cases a special diabetes medication or insulin therapy (Type-2).... ... middle of paper ...
Heart failure is a condition in which the heart muscle becomes too weak to maintain an adequate cardiac output to meet the body’s oxygen demands (Wilmore, et al., 2008). Hypertension is a sustained condition when the blood pressure exceeds 140/90 mm Hg. It is estimated that about thirty percent of people ages fifty and over have hypertension. Type II diabetes is considered a milder form of diabetes and is characterized by impaired insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or excessive glucose output from the liver (Wilmore, et al., 2008). The consequences of uncontrolled and untreated Type II diabetes, however, are the just as serious as those for Type I. This form is also called noninsulin-dependent diabetes, a term that is somewhat misleading. Many people with Type II diabetes can control the condition with diet and oral medications, however, insulin injections are sometimes necessary if treatment with diet and oral medication is not working. Gallbladder diseases from obesity mainly consist of Cholecystitis which is inflammation of the gallbladder. Osteoarthritis is a progressive disorder of the joints caused by gr...
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body’s tissues absorb glucose which is sugar, so it can be used as a source of energy. Glucose levels build up in the blood and urine which causes excessive urination, thirst, hunger, and problems with fat and protein metabolism in a diabetic person. Diabetes is very common in the United States; it is the seventh leading cause of all deaths. Women have been diagnosed with diabetes more than men. There are two forms of diabetes, Type one and Type two diabetes. Type one diabetes is when the body does not produce insulin or produces it in very small quantities. This usually occurs in younger people under twenty years of age, mostly around puberty. Type two diabetes is when the body’s balance between insulin production and the ability of cells to use insulin doesn’t work properly. This is more common than type one; about 90-95% people in the United States have it. There are no cures for diabetes now but there are many researchers investigating factors through new technologies to cure them. Meanwhile, technological advancements are being made to keep glucose at a good level for diabetes.
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders which is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance or both reasons. (1) According to that diabetes mellitus can be divided as type I and type II. This is common and its incidence is rising, 171 million people had diabetes in 2000 it is expected this condition to be doubled in 2030. It is spread in all the countries and therefore has become a major burden upon healthcare facilities. (2)