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On November 18th, 1971, Judah Folkman, a little known New England surgeon, published a scientific paper documenting the dependency of tumors on the growth of new blood vessels from the body, as well as the therapeutic implications resulting from his new discovery. Dr. Folkman proposed that the tumor recruited these blood vessels to support itself. The process by which tumors elicit these blood vessels from the body is known as “angiogenesis”. The publication of Dr. Judah Folkman’s paper entitled, “Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications” (New England Journal of Medicine, 1971) has influenced cancer research by establishing a new field of study with treatment possibilities that solve many age-old therapeutic dilemmas. Angiogenic therapy offers a universal treatment approach to all cancers, better mechanisms for catching cancer early, and also answers for previously unexplained phenomena, such as tumor dormancy.
Judah Folkman was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1933. In 1953 he graduated from the Ohio State University and went on to Harvard Medical School. Afterwards, Dr. Folkman became a surgeon and made important discoveries throughout a range of medical fields before he became interested in cancer. For instance, he is responsible for pioneering in the field of controlled medication release, which in turn led to the invention of the popular contraceptive “Norplant”. During the 1960’s, Dr. Folkman was drafted to the navy and began investigating the possible use of a blood substitute that could be stored for long periods of time and then given to wounded. After Dr. Folkman completed his assignment, he began to experiment on his own time, investigating cancer and the biology of solid tumors. ...
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...ughout Tumor Development?” Research VEGF. Gentech, 2010. Web. 27 Apr. 2010. .
Naumov GN, Akslen LA, and Folkman J. “Role of Angiogenesis in Human Tumor Dormancy: Animal Models of the Angiogenic Switch.” Cell Cycle 5.16: n. pag. Abstract. Pubmed. Web. 27 Apr. 2010. .
Pacific Life Insurance Company. “Cancer Biomarkers: Still Controversial.” Pacific Life. Pacific Life Insurance Co., 2010. Web. 27 Apr. 2010. .
Tosetti, Francesca, et al. “‘Angioprevention’: Angiogenesis as a Common and Key Target for Cancer Chemopreventive Agents.” FASEB 16 (2002): 2-14. The FASEB Journal. Web. 27 Apr. 2010. .
Further research on this alternative model could lead to therapies that not only target the properties of the primary tumor but also those of the secondary tumor and save many from the burden of fighting cancer again.
Thumbing through the pages of Business Week, the headline read Maybe Jaws Can Put the Bite on Cancer. Interested, I continued to read the short article. According to the reporter, Otis Port, researchers at California State University in Fresno say that they have isolated four substances in shark cartilage that appear to inhibit cancer (93). Curious, I continued to read the rest of the article. The chemicals block a mechanism discovered in the mid-1980s at Harvard University: Tumor cells secrete a protein called angiogenin that entices blood vessels to grow close to cancers and nourish them. The shark extracts counteract angiogenin and the tumor starves (93). I sat there pondering the concept and decided that I would further investigate this intoxicating find.
The acquisition of an immortalized proliferative potential is very important for human tumors because, otherwise, the tumors will not grow in number nor will they metastasize. Mutations in progenitor cells would not be transmitted too far as they have limited replication and proliferation ability. Thus, the growth of the tumors will be limited. Hence, if there is even a very small population of cells with the ability to proliferate continuously, there will be a source for productions of more cells for the tumor. Clonogenic assays have shown that, though most cells in a tumor have a limited ability to proliferate, a subset of cancer cells exist in these tumors that continuously proliferate and give rise to new tumors on transplantation.
Cancer starts when certain cells in the body are mutated or changed and begin to divide. Cancerous cells grow differently than normal cells, instead of progressing through the normal cell lifecycle, cancer cells continue to grow and create more abnormal cells. A specific trait of cancer cells is that they have the ability to infiltrate and grow into surrounding tissues, developing out of control and causing serious damage to the host (Vincent, 2008). Cells become cance...
Cancer has been seen in humans as one the most potentially fatal disease for thousands of years and only in the recent couple of hundred years have we discovered that most information necessary to bring us to today’s understanding and knowledge (Kenny 2007, Weinberg 1996) was achieved by extensive research of cells, DNA, and epidemiology studies. As we know, currently cancer is acknowledged as having over a hundred different diseases, and is known to be the result of mutations of the genes and almost similar DNA which are responsible for the amount of cell division and production (Kenny 2007). Restraint of cell growth modulators can be a direct lead and result of certain tumours being developed and subsequently allow these tumours to acquire the ability to attack and occupy the bloodstream and essentially be able to travel via the bloodstream to other parts and organs in human bodies which is known as metastasis (Loeb et Al 2003). Once this has occurred , the cancer is then categorized as malicious and becomes a dangerous and serious threat to the carrier (Weinberg 1996). In this essay I will describe and explain the process of this and how our genes mutate and lead to metastasis of cancer cells.
Jose Baselga, a lead Physician at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York said, “The next 10 years are expected to usher in unprecedented advances in oncology, including molecularly driven diagnostic and therapeutic developments, whole genome sequencing that results in true precision-based medicine, survivorship care plans that address long-term quality of life concerns, and team-based, cross-disciplinary approaches to research.”(Advances in Medical). This educated guess by Dr. Baselga can lead us to believe that our education about cancer grows with every new account and new procedure that we complete. In the next decade, our understanding of Oncology will be revolutionized in the hope that it will bring us closer to our intended goal of defeating this monstrous disease. Oncology is a flourishing field that is and will be in high demand in the 21st Century because when a problem has been confirmed to be present the human task force will go to various lengths in order to find a solution. Now that Oncology has found a way to presently deal with cancer such as chemotherapy, addressing long term effects of those solutions will be an area that will be focused on as Oncology takes steps forwards towards a cure. Another concentration in Oncology that will develop in the next 10 years will be the prevention of
The Hallmarks of Cancer written by Doughlas Hanahan and Robert A. Weinberg proposed the underlying principles and the essential characteristics of the development of human tumors. This article distilled all the existing research to depict the fundamental characteristics of cancer. Hanahan and Weinberge proposed six hallmarks shared among all cancers mentioned in this article includes supporting proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressor, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, sustaining angiogenesis, and tissue invasion and metastasis. Four emerging hallmarks are also introduced in this article, depicting the current 10 underlying principles shared by cancerous cells. Hanahan and Weinberg also provided specific examples of potential mechanisms for the hallmarks. All of the mechanisms of hallmarks of cancer must be fulfilled in the development of cancerous cells.
Cancer is a major public health problem in many parts of the world. Over ten million new cases of cancer, with over six million deaths were estimated in the year 2000 (Parkin, 2001). The estimated numbers of incidence and mortality in 2002 were markedly increased as 10.9 million new cases, 6.7 million deaths with cancer (Parkin et al., 2005). Even developed countries suffering from cancer, in USA it was expected 2677860 new cases of cancer will be diagnosed in 2009. In that same year , more than 562,340 deaths will occur due to cancer, this number represent 25 % of all deaths and makes cancer as a second leading cause of death after heart diseases (Jemal et al.
“Since 1990, over 6 million Americans have died of cancer, more than the combined casualties from the Civil war, WWII, and the Vietnam and Korean conflicts combined” (Faguet, p. 5). According to American Cancer Society projections, there were 1,529,560 new cases of cancer in 2010. Cancer is becoming more and more common around the world. New cancers are constantly being discovered. Researchers are finding new ways to detect cancer and treat it so that the fatality rate does not rise. However, there are some cancers that researchers have not yet discovered a cure for. It is very important for Cancer Research to continue so that one day these cancers will no longer be a treat.
The definition for “tumor” has undergone several changes largely due to scientific advancement in our understanding of cancer and the ability to differentiate one form from another. Tumor originally applied to the swelling caused by inflammation, but the non-neoplastic usage of tumor has almost vanished; thus, the term is now equated with neoplasm, and sometimes interchangeably used with the term cancer. Currently, a tumor is generally defines as an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change [1]. Over the past 5 decades, cancer research has received tremendous attention from the global scientific community with frantic efforts to answer some fundamental questions about the very nature of cancer; how different is one cancer from the other?; how do cancer evade the host’s defense surveillance and at precisely what point?; how do cancer metastasize coupled with their seemingly preference for
Cancer cells differ from normal cells in size, structure, function, and growth rate. These malignant cells lack the normal controls of growth seen in healthy cells, and grow uncontrollably. This uncontrolled growth allows the cancer cells to invade adjacent structures and then destroy surrounding tissues and organs. Malignant cells may also metastasize to other areas of the body through the cardiovascular or lymphatic systems. This uncontrolled growth and spread of cancer cells can eventually interfere with one or more of a person's vital organs or functions and possibly lead to death. The primary sites of cancer metastasis are the bone, the lymph nodes, the liver, the lungs, and the brain (McCance & Roberts, 1998).
For many years, we have question why cancer has become a huge epidemic in our society today. Day by day, people are seeking answers and wanting to know the real facts of cancer. In the study, many factors came to play, and the variability of these factors gave unexpected outcome. Although researchers aren't 100% sure about the treatment, it seems that they've found a way to lessen cancer cases.
Three-dimensional (3D) in-vitro cell culture is a system best in reflecting or mimicking the in vivo cancer cell behavior and its progression in cancer microenvironment (Gurski et al., 2010). As before, cancer research is depends on 2D model and the small animal test model to study on the tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis (Godugu et al., 2013). However, animal model is not an ideal for long term and large scale research although it response with the more accurate tumor environment. Besides, 3D cell culture is beneficial over 2D cell culture system as 2D model unable to completely study on the cell-cell interaction during tumor progression as 3D model does. The removal of tiny piece animal or human cancerous tissue or obtained of the cell-line is required in the 3D model in which the tissue cell will interact with the organized matrix of 3D model and express the similar cell behavior (Godugu et al., 2013). 3D model also require precise considerations on the cell density, culture surface composition, culture medium used, supplements such as growth factor, pH, serum and oxygen in which all of these may affect the cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis.
The cancerous cells can invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue, including organs. ‘’ For many years the struggle to find a cure for cancer has been increasing. Although we have made advances in our cancer treatments and tests to identify the illness there is still no definite cure. There are currently many scientists, labs and organisations spending endless time and money working hard to find a cure. Each days we become closer and have the reason to believe that a cure is in the foreseeable future. Therefore this is classed as a scientific theory that is currently being addressing, as we see that it is a problem that has the potential to be
Cancer is evitable. It can happen to anyone and does not discriminate. In 2014, more than 1.5 million new cases of cancer were diagnosed, and almost 600,000 people died of cancer in the United States (CDC, 2017). The human body is made up of trillions of cells, and with cancer, it can start anywhere in the human body. As normal cells grow and divide to form new healthy cells needed by the body, cancer cells break this orderly process. Abnormal cancer cells create their own pattern, growing and dividing uncontrollably, and may form growths known as tumors (National Cancer Institute, 2015). Malignant tumors are cancerous and if left untreated, can be life threatening. A diagnosis of cancer can be such an overwhelming and stressful time for patients