Andy Warhol
"Paintings are too hard. The things I want to show are mechanical.
Machines have less problems. I'd like to be a machine, wouldn't you?"
Andy Warhol, 1963
Warhol was a modest artist and at time could be annoyingly blasé towards his art. With a cheeky nature, Warhol is considered to be the most influential American artist of the second half of the 20th century. He has a signature style which he uses repeatedly in artworks, by using commercial silk-screening techniques to create identical, mass produced images on canvas then varying the color and tone to make each edition look different.
Warhol was fascinated by Hollywood, fashion and style. He transferred this interest to his artwork, claiming not to see the difference between a museum and a department store. Blurring the distinction between art and life, he believed art could be fashion, decoration, and politics. Like his contemporaries Jasper Johns and Robert
Rauschenberg, he borrowed images from popular culture for his artwork.
He was also influenced by Marcel Duchamp, who took ordinary objects and displayed them as "readymade" works of art.
His works also radically challenged high modernist ideas associated with the concept of originality and the role of the artist as an individual. Through this and through his obsession with money, fame, commercialism and mass culture he challenged high art, blurring the distinction between it and popular culture.
He first applied his silk-screen techniques as a commercial artist in the 1950’s when a 5th avenue department store displayed his comic book superhero images. His initial entrance into Pop Art was in the early
60’s with his Coca-Cola Bottles and then sculpture of the brillo boxes which he replicated onto plywood boxes. By the completion of these 2 artworks one would establish that Warhol was challenging traditional notions of art by mechanically repeating a single image, mimicking the manufacturing industry and parodying mass consumption.
Warhol’s subject matter went from one extreme to the other, one being a series titled: ‘Jews of the 20th century’, which is guess was Andy recognizing a repressed group and creating completely unassuming art about them. The other extreme being a series titled ‘Cowboys and
Indians’ which yet again displays Andy’s childlike and innocent themes
Vincent Van Gogh is one of the world’s greatest and most well-known artists, but when he was alive he considered himself to be a complete failure. It was not until after he died that Van Gogh’s paintings received the recognition they deserved. Today he is thought to be the second best Dutch artist, after Rembrandt. Born in 1853, he was one of the biggest artistic influences of the 19th century. Vincent Van Gogh created a new era of art, he learned to use art to escape his mental illness, and he still continues to inspire artists over 100 years later.
Andy Warhol was a graphic artist, painter, and film maker, amoung other things, also associated with Pop Art. He moved to New York, around 1950, where he did his first advertisements as a comercial artist and, later, began showing in expositions. One technique employed by Warhol involved repeditive silk screen prints on canvas. He used this method to produce many series of prints with various, easily reconizable images. Between 1962 and 1964 in his self titled studio “The Factory”(Phaidon 484), Warhol produced over two thousand pictures. One of these, Lavender Disaster, was made in 1963 and belonged to a series of pictures all including the same image of an electric chair.
Searle’s argument is one against humans having free will. The conclusion comes from his view on determinism and his view on substances. His view on substances is a materialist one. To him, the entire world is composed of material substances. All occurrences can be explained by these materials. This is a view that is very attuned with (accepting) determinism. Determinism states that necessary causes must be for the occurrence to be. This deterministic cause and effect relationship is apparent in the physical world. Hard believing determinists see determinism as being exclusive of free will. Searle, being a materialist, views humans as just another material substance. He accepts determinism and rejects (libertarian) free will.
Searle's argument delineates what he believes to be the invalidity of the computational paradigm's and artificial intelligence's (AI) view of the human mind. He first distinguishes between strong and weak AI. Searle finds weak AI as a perfectly acceptable investigation in that it uses the computer as a strong tool for studying the mind. This in effect does not observe or formulate any contentions as to the operation of the mind, but is used as another psychological, investigative mechanism. In contrast, strong AI states that the computer can be created so that it actually is the mind. We must first describe what exactly this entails. In order to be the mind, the computer must be able to not only understand, but to have cognitive states. Also, the programs by which the computer operates are the focus of the computational paradigm, and these are the explanations of the mental states. Searle's argument is against the claims of Shank and other computationalists who have created SHRDLU and ELIZA, that their computer programs can (1) be ascribe...
Students will get into groups and will take turns reading paragraphs of the text. This will enable them to adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate. (Language standards 1,3 for 9-10th grade ELA)
Searle claims the assumption is assuming the stance that if something is intrinsically mental, then it cannot be in any sense physical. His response to this is the claim that because “they are intrinsically mental, they are therefore a fortiori they are physical”(P115).He even goes further to say that terms are constrained in design, and as such are assumed to be a complete opposition. Due to this, we can conclude that consciousness is just a simple reductive biological feature of the brain. This assumption constrains his argument and assumes that reduction to a metaphysical level is not necessary in understanding Consciousness. Searle assumes this reduction is fully casual, and that if ontologically reduced, we lose the whole concept. However, what if we consider mental events as individual and subjective. We cannot assume a identical intrinsically mental event will have the identical physical impact on someone. Although the mental event may be the same, the reduction of this mental causation ...
The Foundation Charter of Cluny is a grant of authority written by Duke William I of Aquitaine and signed by Ingelberga and various other bishops and nobles. The charter was issued in the French city of Bourges and sanctioned by the Archbishop of Bourges. The Foundation Charter of Cluny was produced with the construction of the monastery of Cluny in 910 in Burgundy after Duke William donated a hunting lodge and the surrounding land to a monk of noble birth Mend Berno. Duke William constructed the charter in order to impose it on the monastery and the Cluniac monks allowing them freedom of control from other forces. The charter itself derived from the Rule of St. Benedict, which impacted monasticism greatly throughout the Middle Ages and was the base document for many later monasteries. The foundation Charter of Cluny was revolutionary in that it didn’t recognise the intervention of lay powers such as local landowners in the affairs of the monastery.
time. Through everything, he realized the power that art could express. He had many viewpoints
He would say that it is still impossible for a computer to derive semantic information from merely syntax because the two things, according to him, are mutually exclusive when separate. It is impossible to gain any semantic information from syntax alone, which would mean that even if a robot was interacting with the world, the computer inside the robot is only getting syntactical information and processes it in syntactical terms only. It is also important to note, in the words of Searle, that a computer’s “operations have to be defined syntactically, whereas consciousness, thoughts, feelings, emotions, and all the rest of it involve more than syntax.” (Searle, p.681) Therefore, even though a robot would be able to simulate being a human, it cannot actually be a human. I then believe, with that evidence, Searle would conclude that the Robot reply would not satisfy the conditions needed for a computer to be able to
At the end of chapter two, Searle summarizes his criticism of functionalism in the following way. The mental processes of a mind are caused entirely by processes occurring inside the brain. There is no external cause that determines what a mental process will be. Also, there is a distinction between the identification of symbols and the understanding of what the symbols mean. Computer programs are defined by symbol identification rather than understanding. On the other hand, minds define mental processes by the understanding of what a symbol means. The conclusion leading from this is that computer programs by themselves are not minds and do not have minds. In addition, a mind cannot be the result of running a computer program. Therefore, minds and computer programs are not entities with the same mental state. They are quite different and although they both are capable of input and output interactions, only the mind is capable of truly thinking and understanding. This quality is what distinguishes the mental state of a mind from the systemic state of a digital computer.
...lligent, intentional activity taking place inside the room and the digital computer. The proponents of Searle’s argument, however, would counter that if there is an entity which does computation, such as human being or computer, it cannot understand the meanings of the symbols it uses. They maintain that digital computers do not understand the input given in or the output given out. But it cannot be claimed that the digital computers as whole cannot understand. Someone who only inputs data, being only a part of the system, cannot know about the system as whole. If there is a person inside the Chinese room manipulating the symbols, the person is already intentional and has a mental state, thus, due to the seamless integration of their systems of hardware and software that understand the inputs and outputs as whole systems, digital computers too have states of mind.
The nature of Cluny lay in the circumstances of it’s foundation. It was endowed with a measure of independence by it’s founder, Duke William, allowing the monks to elect their own abbot, placing the abbey directly under the guardianship of St Peter and the Apostolic See. As a house dedicated to reviving strict Benedictine observance Cluny was not unique, but it was this indepencence, the succesion of talented abbots and it’s organisation set up by Abbot Berno that laid the foundations of the abbey’s later greatness.
On the other hand, teachers prefer using L1 for a more effective approach to teaching grammar and checking students’ understanding. Macaro (1997) commented that teachers often lack enthusiasm in using the target language for grammar explanation. Many students have difficulty in learning grammar, especially for those whose L1 system is entirely different from the TL. L1 can be more efficient, particularly when a teacher wants to discuss the learning contract with students, or tries to explore the needs of his/her students, especially those in the lower level (Harmer, 2007). Evidence provided by Harmer (2007) also indicates that the classroom environment can be enhanced through the use of L1 to establish a positive social relationship with students, which ultimately leads to a more effective teaching process.
Campbell's Soup Cans work suggests a mechanical uniformity that is repeated in the thousands of homes that have a similar object, a banal and common representation of the spirit of our time. Warhol continued to express his ideas about consumerism and kept using repetition in his work. He created several works that involved the same theme of Campbell’s Soup Cans throughout the years.
When Florence was born nurses weren’t seen as anything more than prostitutes. Due to her war efforts, and overall healing abilities she began to give nursing a face. She was known as the ‘lady of the lamp’ to men and women throughout the war. Male doctors came to her and offered her full compliance if she would assist in aiding their ill. People took note of this and realized that these nurses were crucial in the healing process. All the men who even so much as witnessed the caregiving power of these nurses had to give their respect. Because of Nightingale’s efforts the world began to shift its view on nursing. Nursing became a respected line of duty, and something women could be proud to be a part of. Nightingale is often talked of as one of the first great feminists of the world because of how empowering she was to other female nurses. She gave women chances and a drive to be something other than a maid or a stay at home mother. These were the first positive outlooks on nursing, which lead to nursing becoming something more than just a position in the health