Androsterone ((3α,5α)-3-hydroxyandrostan-17- one) is the inactive metabolite of DHEA, Testosterone or most androgen in general (1,2,3). It is an endogenous steroid (6) and it is also called a neurosteriod, which has psychotropic action (2). Androsterone or 5α,3α-A is the first steroid to be extracted which had male sex hormone activity (1). It was extracted and isolated from urine by Butenandt in early 1930s and was suspected to have function in fetal sex-determination (1).5α,3α-A, which can also be derived from androstenedione is found in adult brain and in serum along with its glucuronide and sulphate conjugates (6). Androsterone is a ketosteroid from the 5α- reductase pathway (4) and are substrate for various UGTs (14). Androsterone is also …show more content…
The first step of the metabolism is the irreversible reduction of testosterone by 5α-reductase isoenzymes, which consequently leads to the formation of the androgen 5α-dihydrotestosterone (7). After the reductions occur in the 5 positions the molecule is further reduced by successive 3α and 17β reductions (7). The reductions are catalyzed by 3α- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase respectively (7). The aforementioned reductions result in 5α,3α-A (7). The metabolism of the Testosterone predominantly occurs in the liver in-vivo (11) to produce Androsterone, which then can be secreted through urine as a glucuronide or sulphate conjugates or both (7).
Isolation
Androsterone is a metabolite that can be found in urine which can be separated using multiple fractional distillation and evaporation technique (8). Following a colorimetric assay, the sample would then be purified using recrystallization method and the quality of the crystals can then be verified by its melting point which is 1840-185°C (8).
The exact structure of the crystal was determine using a purified sample by X-Ray Crystallography and Vector-Coincidence technique
The sellers of creatine and androstenedione (pronounced androe-steen-die-own) make these sorts of claims although there are no long-term studies of the effectiveness or safety of these drugs. Nevertheless, retailers can’t keep them on the shelves. Their popularity has been aided by high profile athletes. Both drugs are chemicals naturally produced in the body and found in minute amounts in food, mostly red meat. But that is where the similarities end.
According to the reference text anabolic steroids in sport and exercise 2000, Experimentation with synthetic steroids on animals and castrate men began as early as 1911, and by 1935, the hormone testosterone had been isolated, chemically characterized, and the basic nature of its anabolic effects had become clear. It was shortly here after that oral and injectable preparations were made available ...
The hormones produced from the endocrine system come from a wide range of different places. Among those responsible for hormone production are the glands and a few organs as well. The glands that are involved are the pituitary, thyroid, thymus, parathyroid, and adrenal. The organs, which also play a vital part, are the pancreas, gonads, kidneys, heart, and parts of the digestive tract. All these different glands or organs work together in the production of certain hormones. Those produced in one location will almost always have an effect on many other areas of the body, not just the surrounding tissues.
Several effects of steroid use have been identified. These include an increase in low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and a decrease in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. These lipid changes if allowed to continue over long periods of time could result in coronary heart disease (6). Some other side effects of steroids in men include shrinking of the testicles; reduced sperm count, infertility, baldness, development of breasts, and increased risk of pro...
The use of steroids and performance enhancing drugs is a common trend that is currently fascinating athletes all over the world. Athletes who are using these drugs are damaging the sport and harming their bodies at the same time. Seeking a greater athletic physique and ability, athletes turned to the use of steroids. Once the dangers and possible health risks arose, athletes then turned to performance enhancers. Two specific supplements have taken the sports world by storm and now are being used by athletes of all ages. They are androstenedione and creatine. It took years until people began to understand how dangerous steroids really were. These performance enhancers, like androstenedione and creatine are going to produce the same results.
Over one million American desire short cuts to bigger muscles and greater endurance with anabolic steroids and other performance enhancing drugs. Anabolic steroids are derivatives of the male hormone testosterone. A few of the negative effects of the drug are impairment to the kidneys as well ...
In 1935, German scientists developed anabolic steroids as a way to treat hypogonadism or testosterone deficiency. Through scientific experiment and studies the...
Testosterone is a naturally occurring hormone in our bodies. Anabolic or androgenic steroids are synthetic variants of testosterone (James 7). Testosterone is good for your body when produced at normal levels. In males, it helps promote protein-building, production of sperm. It also has metabolic effects on muscle, bone, and skin (Goldman 72). Anabolic steroid’s main purpose isn’t to gain muscle they are used as medicine. They help with types of anemia, a few types of breast cancers, endometriosis, osteoporosis, and hereditary angioedema (NIDA 2). But anabolic steroids are often taken at 10 to 100 times the natural levels by athletes looking to be their best (Yesalis xxv).
Although steroids have many negative effects, they have many needed medical purposes. Androgens have many legitimate medical uses, such as the use for treatment of hypogonadal men to compensate for the lack of endogenous production. Anabolic steroids are also helpful for the treatment of certain adolescent diseases, some types of anemias, and for a relatively rare form of edema. Other clinical uses focus on the tissue building and anti-catabolic effects, such as in the treatment of burn victims, AIDS, or HIV positive patients, or patients malnourished from disease or old age (Bellino 1).
“Steroids are any type of a large group of fat-soluble organic compounds, as the sterols, bile acids, and sex hormones most of which have specific physiological action” (Dictionary.com). When our bodies are still developing, the effects of steroids can be dangerous and can also be permanent (“Above”). Steroids are made out of substances such as nandrolone, stanozolol, testosterone, fluoxymestrone, and oxandrolone. Sometimes people say when you can’t pronounce something, you probably shouldn’t use it. In the 1940’s testosterone began to be widely used in competitive sports, but the dangers of loading up on testosterone were not yet clear (“History”). Instead of using steroids for a bad reason, there is a medicinal purpose. Cortisteroids can treat arthritis, asthma, lupus and multiple sclerosis, eczema and rashes, and some types of cancer (“Steroids: Medline”). Also, steroids can be used to treat anemia, to improve weight loss due to severe illness, and to treat osteoporosis. Steroids can only be sold to you by a pharmacist f...
In case you who are reading this does not know steroids are any numerous naturally occurring or synthetic fat soluble organic compounds having as a basis 17 carbon atom arranged in four rings and including the sterols and bile acids, adrenal and sex hormones certain natural drugs such as digits compounds and the precursors of certain vitamins.
23. S. Alwarappan, S. Boyapalle, A. Kumar, C.-Z. Li and S. Mohapatra, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2012, 116, 6556–6559
Steidle, C. "AA2500 Testosterone Gel Normalizes Androgen Levels in Aging Males with Improvements in Body Composition and Sexual Function." Review. n.d.: n. pag.The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. June 2003. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. .
The male reproductive system is a set of organs that works together to produce sperm which will later in life fertilize females eggs. The testes are the most important part of the system because it produces sperm cells. It is similar and looks similar to ovaries of a female’s reproductive system because it also holds what they need to reproduce. Its job is to produce the sperm cells needed to reproduce. Due to hormonal imbalances the production of sperm cells may not even be possible in some males. Testosterone is the male the hormone that gives men there manly characteristics. It is made up of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen with a white color. In the male body it helps develop sex organs, a deeper voice, and facial hair (Khalid, 2013). Cancer or a genetic disorder in males is the most common thing that cause the reductions of testosterone production in the body. Behind the testes is the epididymis which lets sperm go through the vas deferens from the testes (Dictionary, 2014). It looks like leach the way it is position right on the testes but it is thinner. When sperm is produces the ...
V. Amarnath, D. C. Anthony, K. Amarnath, W. M. Valentine, L. A. Wetterau, D. G. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, p. 6924-6931.