The history of Egypt started around 3000 BCE when the first pharaoh, Menes, united the Upper and Lower Egypt. The Egyptian believed strongly in the life after dead, a fact that influenced their culture and architecture. The greatest kings and pharaohs of the Middle and New Kingdoms were buried in The Valley of the Kings which is located on the cliffs at Deir el-Bahari in western Thebes (modern-day Luxor). Before this event, which changed the history course of Egypt, the most important and greatest personalities of the early dynasties (c.3000-2600) were buried in Mastabas, the earliest tombs, most of them located in Abydos, in honour of their achievements during their lifetime. Those mastabas were the only way in which the Egyptians could preserve …show more content…
600-590 BCE) detached of the earliest ‘houses of the gods’ due to the use of stone columns which sustain better the fired-clay roof tiles, compared to the wooden columns, used for the first time in a small Temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The Greeks adopted the idea from the Egyptian technology system. In Greek architecture the stone columns shafts were quite fluted, a fact that makes it similar to the Hatshepsut’s temple from Egypt.
One of the facts that made the Greek architecture to become unique is the stylized capitals and bases of the columns, in the sixteenth century these methods becoming orders of architecture. Nowadays are well-known that those are a very important part of the Classical architectural language.
During the seventh century, the Greeks started to build bigger and more decorated temples, fact that led them to search the inspiration in the cities of Levant. The orders show the geographic divisions of the Greek in that period of time. The Doric order has as the source of inspiration the proportions of a man; the Ionic columns have been influenced by woman’s proportions and the Corinthian order was determinate by the proportions of a young maiden. The only temple where was used all of the orders is The Temple of Apollo Epicurius, Bassai (ca. 430
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Greek and Roman architecture have long been connected due to the similarities between the temples and other types of constructions that those two civilizations created. Roman architecture was highly influenced by Greece but the Romans also diverge to create a separate identity.
Also, both civilizations used in their constructions those three different type of columns: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Greeks tended to use the less ornate Doric columns in their temples compared with the Roman temples which are usually supported by Corinthian columns.
An important difference between the Greeks and Romans is that they used in their temples different type of materials. The first civilization used marble and granite in construction and the second one, which started to use the arch in design, were able to use brick or even concrete. Moreover, the Greeks used as the support of the roof the post-lintel system. Romans, on the other hand, in their way to perfect the arch started to add different types of decoration which made them stronger than the post-lintel
After learning more about these two buildings, I discovered that the Romans were “inspired” by Greek architecture. The columns used in both are common to Greek architecture. Based on the photos that were viewed from online searches, it appears that the Romans were more ornate during the construction of their temple which can be seen by their choice of building materials, such as marble. The Parthenon seems to have had more simple lines. It was rectangular in shape as opposed to the Pantheon that was rounded in many areas, particularly where the sculptures of the gods were. This was to lend to the idea that they were on the same level and that no god was given more preferential treatment since the Pantheon was to honor all of them equally. The structures resemble one another in that they both have those ominous columns as a way to emphasize the dominion the gods had over the
Thus, construction of Roman architecture in the Near East was a common occurrence during this time period. However, while there are indeed various architectural similarities, the Temple of Artemis is especially unique because it is the product of reconstruction and expansion of a preexisting Hellenistic structure. While other structures, such as the Temple of Bacchus in Baalbek were constructed entirely from Roman design, the Temple of Artemis is unique for its adaptation of original Hellenistic design. The hybridization of Roman and Hellenistic design creates a particular style of architecture that attributes to the uniqueness of
Grecian architecture formed its own conventions in the ancient world, buildings in Greece were built with meticulous mathematic design. Great buildings were believed to be symmetrical, and perfectly proportioned [Document 7]. Another prominent aspect of ancient Greek architecture is the extensive use of columns. There were three basic types used, Doric which were plain capitals, ionic in which the capitals were fashioned after ram’s horns, and Corinthian which were made to mirror acanthus leaves.
The foundation of Greek culture was balance, reason, and harmony which can be unveiled in their art. As the civilization heavily revolved around religion, massive temples were built to serve the Gods. Greeks believed in many Gods, meaning they had polytheistic views . This notion of polytheism passed down to the Romans who adopted nearly the exact same deities and built similar architecture as well. One of the most famous buildings of worship was the Greek Parthenon built around 447-432 B.C.E, worshipping the goddess Athena . While building these brilliant pieces of art, concepts regarding laws and the natural world from philosophers were being incorporated in the structure. Pillars were often built in temples and various buildings in both Greek and Roman cultures. Doric, ionic, and Corinthian stand as the main three pillars built; each of them becomes increasingly more elaborate by order. For example, the Corinthian was the most intricate. Romans quickly developed a taste for this form of architecture and incorporated into theirs later on. The Romans however were very inventive, and began to develop the arch, vault and dome to add to what they emulated from the Greeks. Using these elements the Romans built what is known as the Coliseum, built over a 10 year span from around 70 AD to 80 AD. The Coliseum was said to hold 50,000 spectators and was used for entertainment
Both had great cultural achievements. Rome is known for its architecture, but so was the Carthaginians. As far back as 6th century BCE, the Carthaginians already had tall buildings as high as six stories to serve as apartments as well as indoor plumbing (Great Military Battles, 2013). Both were also economic powerhouses with expansive trade networks. Both also had similar governing systems, both having magistrates/consuls as the executive
We must go back to before the beginning of rome the etruscan ancestors of the roman whose temples gave the foundation to roman styles.we begin with understanding that they began using wood for cullums and mud and brick for the podium and structure to create simple rectangular temples. due to the very flammable materials they used the temple would often be burned down and would have to be rebuilt every time taking a different form. and by creating a high podium that reached 13 feet in height they were closer to the good as they saw it. their temples were made in tri-cella meaning three parts for their god jupiter and his two wives juno and minerva. the temples were built with a long porch to be able to have their people to pray within the temple the cullums were freestanding meaning they were not attached to anything and the only purpose was to hold the ceiling another important asset of the etruscans was that the made the temples with a single staircase giving a temple a facade .the first temple the romans had was the roman optimus maximus built in one of the seven capitoline hills and showed all of the etruscan characteristics, high podium deep porch freestanding columns a tri-cella .
Greek and Roman architecture is truly amazing. They each had great ideas, and fabulous productions. It is said that the Pantheon is to Italy what the Parthenon is to Greece. Both are tremendous monuments that reek of culture and history. Each had a purpose which was displayed by the design and construction of each. There are such great meanings behind each of these architecural structures. The Romans and the Greeks alike worshipped and dedicated their structures and designs to the Gods and Goddess they believed in.
Its dome remains the largest dome in the world up until now (to this day). Historically the original name of the Pantheon was lost. But we know that ‘pantheon’. The Pantheon has the open structure of columns in front of the main entrance. The triangle roof of the portico called the pediment. It was originally filled with bronze sculptures. The portico has eighth Corinthian columns in front, each a roughly forty feet tall and two groups of four columns behind those. At the back of the portico, near the main entrance, are several niches that probably held statues of Julius Caesar, Augustus Caesar and Marcus Agrippa.
The end of the Geometric period resulted in the beginning of the Orientalizing Period, dated between 700-600 BC. Within this time frame, Greek introduced a new innovation, the Peripteral Temple. For many years prior, a row of colonnade was used on the interior primarily to hold up the roof of the building. In contrast, columns are seen being used on the outside, creating a visual wall around the building exposing parts of the interior. With in the temple existed the megaron style, carried forward from Bronze Age homes. It was also in eastern influenced period, the first real stone temples, and terra cotta roof tiles came to exist to hold the weight on these new stone temples. The population grew drastically, introducing new techniques and styles, which blended to form designs with balance and symmetry. It was during this period, two major Greek designs were developed, the Ionic and Doric order. (Pedley, 2012: pg. 180) The Doric order, being the first and most simple, consisted of baseless columns placed closely together as the Greeks did not know how much weight the shortened columns could hold. Reason behind this was the lack of length in the columns were believed to hold less weight and therefore forced into being placed closer together. This closely set arrangement created a very bold statement in the Doric temple. The Capital, which sat on top of the concaved shaped shaft, was left plain but when grouped alongside others, suggested a bold harmony. In contrast, the Ionic order was less bulky and more delicate than the Doric order. The top of the capital is decorated with two scrolls, also known as volutes, which could have resembled a shell or animal horns. Above the capital, held room for a surrounding frieze depictin...
Most religious buildings are intended for congregational worship, a place where people could go to reaffirm their faith and worship their god. Ancient Greek temples were used in a different manner. Instead of being a place for worship, Greek temples were mostly meant to be used as homes for the god that protected that city.
Thus, the art and architecture of Ancient Egypt stemmed directly from their religion. Egyptian theology, with its deified pharaohs and strange animal-headed gods, was complicated, but the most important belief was that survival after death depended upon the preservation of the body. This belief would influence the architectural design of the tomb, where the corpse was ultimately sealed (Silverman:142, 1997). Immortality was only for privileged royal and priestly beings (Stierlin:54, 1983).This implies that their tombs would be somewhat prestigious and not just and ordinary burial site. At the day of resurrection the Ka or soul would re-enter the dead body; this meant that it must be there, intact, ready for that moment. It followed logically, that 'once the corpse was embalmed or mummified, it must be preserved in an impregnable tomb.
...on. It is important to understand the history and mechanics of Greek architecture in order to fully appreciate it. The ancient Greeks were very well known for their beautiful temples. They were able to devise several different ways to create beautiful buildings and implement those designs. The ancient Greeks set the architectural foundations for the rest of the world with their three orders. The three styles, or orders, are the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The three distinctive styles are referred to as orders because they display proportionate, ordered, and coordinated parts. The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders serve a functional purpose, as well as lend so much beauty to structures. “All the world’s culture culminated in Greece, and Greece in Athens, all Athens in its Acropolis, all the Acropolis in the Parthenon” (Nardo, 61).
Both the Greeks and the Romans dedicated their temples to the gods, however, unlike temples today that are used for congregation, Greek and Roman temples were used differently. Greek temples were used as the home of a certain deity and as a place to worship the specific god that was housed there. The Romans used temples to praise a god for military victory or for a politician to show his increase of wealth and status by commissioning the construction of a temple. Roman Temples were also often used as a meeting place for people to express a multitude of social and political concerns whereas the Greek temples were typically used by one person at a time. Within the cella of both the Greek and Roman temples was an altar dedicated to the gods. The Greeks used elements from their temple design in the creation of these altars, and Romans sometimes modeled their sarcophagi after this design. The Sarcophagus of Lucius Cornelius Scipio Barbatus from his tomb on the Via Appia from 200 B.C.E depicts the elements that the Romans borrowed from Greek temples. It is a mixture of two styles of Greek temple, Ionic and Doric. The Ionic style can be seen in the curves on the lid whereas the Doric style is depicted in the squares on the side of the sarcophagus, where each of the vertical lines of the square is a set of columns. This shows not only Greek
The Greeks housed their gods in temples, which were often enclosed by the walls. In the inside of the temples, big statues of their gods were exposed. When the ceremony took place, those statues were even bathed, clothed and symbolicayy fed.
The architecture and urbanism of the Greeks and Romans was very different from the Egyptians and Persians. Civic life gained importance for all members of the community. Greek civic life was sustained by new, open spaces called the agora which were surrounded by public