Exploring the Challenges and Solutions in Wearable Antennas Design

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Wearable antennas are meant to be worn on human body so that it must be light weight, low profile, flexible, un-obstructive and rugged. To fulfill this requirements, textile materials are used to make wearable antennas. Electrical and dielectric properties of these textile materials are not readily available. Unlike, antennas embedded in portable devices, wearable antennas are designed to work in the complicated body-centric environment. Antenna performance near to human body is different than antenna placed in free space. Environmental effects and water absorption also affect antenna performance.

II. Design Issues Of Wearable Antennas

A. Designing challenges from materials:
In the conventional antennas, conventional rigid materials are used which are dis-comfortable and not suitable for wearable antennas [1]. To overcome this problem, textile materials can be used. The …show more content…

Design challenges from human body:
When antennas are placed close to human body, their performance is influenced by human body. Antennas that are near to the body have different resonance frequency than resonance frequency in free space. Changes in Resonance frequency, Impedance bandwidth, Gain, directivity and radiation pattern is observed when it is placed close to human body [2].
Furthermore, the movements of the person and posture will result in bending or twisting of flexible wearable antennas. Geometry changing on the electric plane of patch antenna has larger effects on the antennas performance [3].
In addition, some of radiated energy is absorbed by human body. Antenna efficiency and radiation pattern are directly affected because of this absorbed energy. The specific absorption rate (SAR) is used to specify the power absorbed per the unit mass of tissue [4]. In America, the Federal Communications commission (FCC) requires the SAR level to be below 1.6 W/kg average over 1 g and in the Europe Union sets SAR value at 2 W/kg averaged over 10 g.

C. Other issues of wearable

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