– Penetration of a bituminous material is the distance in tenth of millimeter that standard needle will penetrate vertically into a sample under standard conditions of temperature, load and time. Penetration value is a measure of hardness or consistency of bituminous material.
– It is the vertical distance traversed or penetrated by the point of a standard needle in to the bituminous material under specific conditions of load, moment in time and temperature.
– This distance is measured in one tenths of a millimetre.
• APPARATUS Standard Penetration apparatus
1. A metal or glass cylindrical flat-bottomed container essentially with the following dimensions For penetration below 225mm Diameter 55mm Internal depth 35mm For penetration between
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• Observation
Sr. No. Test property Test 1 Test 2
1 Initial reading 0 0
2 Final reading 76.8 75.8 Average ductility value 76.4
3.2.3 Softening point test
– Softening point is the temperature at which the substance attains a particular degree of softening under specified conditions of test.
– Generally higher softening point indicates lower temperature susceptibility and is preferred in warm climates
– Softening point is the temperature at which the substance attains a particular degree of softening under specified conditions of test.
• APPARATUS
1. Standard Ring and Ball Apparatus
2. Steel balls 2 No, each 9.5mm in diameter and weighing 3.5 + 0.05 grams.
3. Brass rings 2 No, the rings shall be tampered and shall confirm to the following
a. Depth : 6.4 + 0.1mm
b. Inside diameter at bottom : 15.9 + 0.1mm
c. Inside diameter at top : 17.5 + 0.1mm
d. Outside diameter : 20.6 + 0.1mm
4. Thermometer capable of reading temperature up to 0 to 250° C
5. Water bath should be a heat resistant glass vessel not less than 85mm in diameter and 120mm in depth.
6. Stirrer shall be manual or mechanical to ensure uniform heat distribution at all times throughout the water bath. • PROCEDURE
Matter exists in three basic states: solid, liquid, or gas. A substance experiences a phase change when the physical characteristics of that substance change from one state to another state. Perhaps the most recognizable examples of phase changes are those changes from a solid to a liquid or a liquid to a gas. When a substance goes through a phase change, there is a change in the internal energy of the substance but not the temperature of the substance (Serway, et al. 611).
A sampling port for measurement of the sediment concentration was located at 12.7 cm (5 in) from the bottom of the cylinder.
Additionally, the most important part of an enzyme is called the active site, this is where molecules bind to the enzyme when the reactions are taking place. Enzymes are very specific and if the shape changes of the active site, this stops the enzyme from functioning. When the temperature is increased significantly it will cause a permanent change to the shape of the active site and the enzymes will stop working, they will become denatured. The bonds which are holding the structure are called intermolecular bonds (e.g hydrogen) are broken easily by heat. Thus when the enzyme is heated, these bonds are broken, the active site specificity is no more, and therefore it becomes denatured and is no longer a functioning catalyst (“Introduction to Enzymes.”).
"eroded in 3 places over a 1.3 inch length up to a maximum depth of.171 inches.
Variables --------- During the experiments, the water will be heated using different spirit burners containing different alcohols. I will be able to change different parts of the experiment. These are the. Volume of water heated:
cm∆T where c is the specific heating capacity of water (4.17 Jg-1K-1) -m is the mass of water, in g -∆T is the change of temperature of the water Apparatus Apparatus I will use Size of the apparatus Value /quantity distill water / >3 litres, as much as possible* thermometer 0-110C thermometer 1 measuring cylinder 100 cm3 1 electronic balance correct to 2 decimal places 1 Bunsen burner / 1 draught shielding each approx. 20cm x 20cm 5 metal calorimeter *** 4 clamp about 1 meter 6 spirit burner with wick / 4 match/wooden stick / as many as possible burner cap / 4 tile as big as possible 1 Propan-1-ol / half filled the spirit burner * Butan-1-ol / half filled the spirit burner * Butan-2-ol / half filled the spirit burne * Cyclohexanol / half filled the spirit burner * ***-I will find out in preliminary test *-Half filled the spirit burner because alcohol should be away from
5.) One at a time, place your test tubes in the water bath and heat the first test tube to 25 , the second to 50 , the third to 75, and the last to 100 degrees c. Remeber to stir with your stirring rod every so often.
The micro hardness of the prepared samples were obtained by using a Vickers Micro hardness Tester (Model : Leco LV 700, USA). 5 readings were taken for each sample to calculate the average hardness. An indentation load of 5gf was used. After calculating the average hardness for each sample, mean variance and standard deviation (S.D.) was calculated to check the consistency of the data.
Mixed melting point was used to confirm the identity of the product. The smaller the range, the more pure the substance. When the two substances are mixed; the melting point should be the same melting range as the as the melting range obtained after filtering. If the mixed melting point is lower one taken from the crystals, then the two substances are different.
At this point the desirable crystalline structure of the metal has been reached but it must not be allowed to be heated further as the solution will begin to melt.
The notch depth and tip radius is very important as some materials are more sensitive toward notches. Notches in the materials serve as stress concentration zones.
When an enzyme and substrate is at low temperatures, the rate of reactions is much slower than usual. Once the temperature has begun to increase until it has peaked at an optimal level, the rate of reaction will then begin to speed up. However, after the optimal level, if the temperature gets too high, the enzymes will begin to denature.
cylinder with water and putting it in a water bath so I can record how
The area under the curve represents the energy required to compensate for the thermal events of the sample. Some instruments represent endothermic processes (melting) as downward curves and exothermic processes (crystallisation) as upwards peaks, while other instruments show it in the opposite way. (18) DSC can be used to evaluate different thermal events including melting, solid-state transitions, crystallization, glass transitions … (19) DSC may therefore be used to differentiate between polymorphs according to their melting point or to examine the transformation of metastable systems. It is essential though to confirm the results of DSC with other characterization techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.