Preparation of M. zapota seed extract:
The seeds of M. zapota were collected freshly from the farms in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The seeds were rinsed well with distilled water and air dried for two weeks before grinding them into a fine powder. The crude extract was prepared by dissolving 1gm of the powdered seeds in 10 ml of hexane, acetone and ethanol respectively under continuous shaking condition for 24 hours.The process is repeated thrice using fresh solvents. The solvent was removed by condensation and extracted residues were weighed in different solvents to yield 10mg/ml stock solutions[12].
Screening of phytochemicals:
The following tests were performed on the extracts to detect various phytoconstituents present in them with reference to
…show more content…
0.5ml of extract along with 0.1 ml of (0.5N) Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent was incubated at room temperature for 15 min. After incubation, 2.5 ml of saturated sodium carbonate solution was added and further incubated for 30 min at room temperature. The absorbance was measured at 760 nm. Gallic acid was used as a positive control. Total phenol content was expressed in terms of gallic acid equivalent (mg/g of extracted compounds).The assay was carried out in triplicates and expressed as mean±SD.
Determination of flavonoids
The amount of total flavonoids in the acetone extract of seeds of M.zapota was determined by aluminium chloride colorimetric method [16]. The reaction mixture 3 ml consisting of 1 ml of sample (1 mg/ml), 0.5 ml of (1.2%) aluminium chloride and 0.5 ml (120mM) potassium acetate was incubated at room temperature for 30 min. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 415 nm. Quercetin was used as positive control. The flavonoid content was expressed in terms of quercetin equivalent (mg/g of extracted compound). The assay was carried out in triplicates and expressed as mean±SD.
Determination of
…show more content…
Briefly, 0.1 ml of the sample extract was added to 7.5 ml of distilled water, 0.5 ml of Folin Phenol reagent, 1 ml of 35% sodium carbonate solution and was diluted to 10 ml with distilled water. The mixture was shaken well, kept at room temperature for 30 min and absorbance was measured at 725 nm. Gallic acid was used as a positive control. Values were expressed in terms of gallic acid equivalent (mg/g of extracted compounds).The assay was carried out in triplicates and expressed as mean±SD.
Thin layer chromatography and Bioautography:
The seed extract with a concentration of 1mg/ml was spotted on the TLC plates.The solvent system used was acetone and hexane with various ratios. The spots were identified in long UV, short UV and also in the iodine chamber. Then RF value was calculated to find the active metabolites. The developed TLC plates were sprayed with DPPH to study the zone of inhibition. The compounds having antioxidant property will exhibit a clear zone over the plates [18].
Profiling of secondary metabolites by Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry
Every 5 minutes, a small amount of mixture was dissolved in acetone (0.5 mL) and was spotted onto a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate, which contained an eluent mixture of ethyl acetate (2 mL) and hexanes (8 mL). The bezaldehyde disappearance was monitored under an ultraviolet (UV) light. Water (10 mL) was added after the reaction was complete, and vacuum filtrated with a Buchner funnel. Cold ethanol (5 mL) was added drop-by-drop to the dried solid and stirred at room temperature for about 10 minutes. Then, the solution was removed from the stirrer and place in an ice bath until recrystallization. The recrystallized product was dried under vacuum filtration and the 0.057 g (0.22 mmol, 43%) product was analyzed via FTIR and 1H NMR
The objective of this experiment was to perform extraction. This is a separation and purification technique, based on different solubility of compounds in immiscible solvent mixtures. Extraction is conducted by shaking the solution with the solvent, until two layers are formed. One layer can then be separated from the other. If the separation does not happen in one try, multiple attempts may be needed.
Since, the expected weight was 50.63 mg the percent yield is 59.3%. A TLC was conducted on this final product and a faint spot of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone still appeared in lane 3 of the plate; meaning the reaction did not fully go to completion. The Rf values were 0.444, 0.156, and 0.111, where the lowest value is the trans isomer and the highest value is the ketone. This affected the IR spectrum conducted by having a carbonyl group peak at 1715 cm-1 which should not be present if all the product was 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol. However, the IR spectrum still showed peaks at 3292 cm-1 (hydroxyl group), 2939 cm-1 (sp2 carbon bonded to hydrogen) and 2859 cm-1 (sp3 carbon bonded to hydrogen) which support the presence of the alcohol. The accepted melting point of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol is in the range of 62 – 70˙C (Lab Manual). The two melting point measurements using the Mel-Temp® machine gave ranges of 57 – 61˙C and 58 – 62˙C, which is not exact due to some 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone being present that has a low melting point of around 47 – 50˙C
Murray, Michael T., Joseph E. Pizzorno, and Lara Pizzorno. "The Healing Power of Nuts and Seeds." The Encyclopedia of Healing Foods. New York: Atria, 2005. N. pag. Print.
The text is the main engine of “Strange Fruit”. The music may be thought of as the wheels, the way in which the idea spread and the manner in which it was presented. However, the text is what stands out to me; it is what makes it come to life, the hand in the glove. The text utilizes the tree and fruit motif as the literal setting of lynching as well as a metaphor for something bigger than each individual event. Abel Meeropol’s poignant words nail the atrocities to the people responsible for committing them. He doesn’t haphazardly mention trees in a general sense, but “Southern trees”. It is not simply in the air, but the “southern breeze” that black bodies swing in. In case the reader is tempted to forget, he reiterates that these things are taking place in the “gallant south”. The implication is quite powerful; this is the South’s problem, it is happening, and he forces them to own it and take responsibility for it rather than slough it off. Neutral bystanders in the South are forced to face the reality of these things taking place under their nose. “Strange Fruit” certainly would not have exposed the South to lynching; they knew it was happening. However, the text has a way of burrowing into one’s heart and forcing people to face inconvenient realities that are all too easy to forget about otherwise.
A variety of extraction methods were employed in order to separate a strong acid, a weak acid, a strong base and neutral compound from solution. This is possible due to the presence of different functional groups in the organic mixture, which each provide distinct chemical properties. These individual properties are what allow the extraction of each compound. How these properties pertain to solubility is key to the separation of these compounds.
The purpose of this experiment was to learn and preform an acid-base extraction technique to separate organic compounds successfully and obtaining amounts of each component in the mixture. In this experiment, the separation will be done by separatory funnel preforming on two liquids that are immiscible from two layers when added together. The individual components of Phensuprin (Acetylsalicylic acid, Acetanilide, and Sucrose as a filler) was separated based upon their solubility and reactivity, and the amount of each component in the mixture was obtained. Also, the purity of each component will be determined by the melting point of the component.
Janick. J. (2011). Center for New Crops & Plant Products - Department of Horticulture and
The hypothesis stated that when the spinach extract was placed on the polar paper chromatography the pigment would separate into different pigments on the...
Note: The revised version of the method (9.1.) differs in one major point from reference 9.4.: Preparation of samples and standards for analysis. It is now ...
The sample was subjected to steam distillation as illustrated in Figure 1. A total of 50ml of distillate was collected while recording the temperature for every 5.0 ml of distillate. The distillate was transferred into a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask and 3.0 g of NaCl was added. The flask was cooled and the content was transferred into a 250-ml separatory funnel. Then 25.0ml of hexane was added and the mixture was shaken for 5 minutes with occasional venting. The aqueous layer was discarded and the organic layer was left inside. About 25.0ml of 10% NaOH was then added and the mixture was shaken as before. The aqueous layer was collected and then cooled in an ice bath. It was then acidified with enough 6.00 M HCl while the pH is being monitored with red litmus paper. Another 25.0 ml of hexane was added and the mixture was shaken as before. The hexane extract was saved and a small amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate was added. The mixture was then swirled for a couple of minutes then filtered. A small amount of the final extracted was tested separately with 1% FeCl3 and Bayer’s reagent.
Rong, T., (2007). Extraction, Separation, Detection, and Antioxidant Activity of Apple Polyphenols. American Chemistry Society, Chapter 20, 302-324.
This Marketing report comprises of information regarding Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf, a renowned coffee retailer founded in the US. This report begins with an introduction of the company that discuss the origin and elements that this report focuses on, then followed by the vision, mission and values of the coffee retailer for the coming years. Then, it discusses the situational audit of the company where in it provides information about the internal analysis using the strengths and weaknesses of the company. The external analysis continues in the form of a PESTEL analysis which focuses on the factors that affect Coffee Bean and Tea Leaf course of business. A further analysis will take the form of Porter analysis that defines the competition the
These were all naturally occurring substances. No refinement had occurred, and isolation of specific compounds (drugs) had not taken place.
Today people are becoming more aware of the advantages of using natural health products. Apart from it being a cost-efficient solution to maintain and attain healthier body, the products made from herbal and natural ingredients offer a myriad of benefits compared to those made from chemical and artificial ingredients. The followi...