The employment of dental principles to legal issues in the interest of justice is termed Forensic Odontology. Sex determination is a branch of Forensic Odontology and it is the first step leading to human positive identification, hence very important. Sex determination can be a challenging task to forensic investigators, especially in cases of mishaps, chemical and nuclear bomb explosions and where only fragments of the body are recovered. This article aims to review the different methods available for sex determination. Keywords: Forensic odontology, dental tissues, sex determination Introduction Forensic odontology is that subdivision of forensic medicine that deals with proper scrutiny, management and presentation of dental evidence in …show more content…
Mandibular canines considered to be the “key tool” for personal identification are well known for exhibiting the greatest sexual dimorphism.¹⁰ Several theories have been given to explain canine dimorphism.¹′²′⁷’⁵ According to Acharya et al. (2007), Y chromosome produce slower male maturation. Furthermore, the long period of amelogenesis process in male contributes to this observation. As a result, male have thicker enamel than female.¹⁰¯¹¹ Bossert and Marks (1996) in their study reported that evaluation of permanent mandibular and maxillary canine teeth for sex determination has certain advantages in that they are the least extracted teeth, less affected by periodontal disease, last teeth to be extracted and has a higher chance to survive severe trauma.¹² A study by Anderson and Thompson (1973) revealed that mandibular canine width and inter-canine distance measurements are greater in males than in females. These measurements permitted an accurate differentiation of gender up to in 74%.¹³ Garn et al. (1988) measured the mesiodistal width of canine teeth in different ethnic groups and found that the mandibular canine showed a greater degree of sexual dimorphism than the maxillary canine.¹⁴ Similarly, Rao et al. reported that the mesiodistal width of mandibular canines was significantly greater in Indian males than
1. Review the basic anatomy of male and female dogs and cats; be sure to note unique features according to species.
The female features are more outwardly flared hip bones, wider angles where bones meet, and broader sciatic notch. The male pelvis is more heart shaped, and has narrower angles. For a quick identification in the field, a forensic anthropologist will find the notch in the fan-shaped bone of the pelvis and stick their thumb into it. If there's room to wiggle the thumb, then it's a female; if it's a tight fit, it's the skeleton of a man (PBS). Among seven features observed on the pelvic bones, the least reliable single sex indicator was the width of the great sciatic notch, with accuracy of 79.15% (Duric). Sex was correctly estimated by the experienced anthropologist in 100% of individuals using all the pelvic
There is no sexual dimorphism in the size of douc langurs, and the size ranges are the
This short facial appearance, allows the performance of higher bite forces, leading to greater bone loss.
Another useful method of identifying remains is facial reconstruction. Facial reconstruction is the process by which a sculpture of a potentially recognizable face is created using the shape, size, a features of the unidentified skull. This facial sculpture can be remarkably accurate and can yield amazing results. Humans have evolved to be very skilled at recognizing and recalling faces. We are so good at that not only is it effortless, but we also have a tendency to notice faces where there are none like on inanimate objects. This is a phenomenon called pareidolia. Ultimately this ability to effortlessly identify faces is what makes facial reconstruction so useful. If someone close to the victim is shown the sculpture it is likely that they will recognize it because of how frequently they saw that face when it was alive. This can determine the exact victim and can be shown to others who knew the victim to confirm who it is. Another method of identification uses the victim's teeth. Teeth are unique to each person and they can vary greatly in size, shape, pattern, etc. tooth enamel is also an extremely hard substance so once the rest of the body decays the teeth will remain. These teeth can be compared to the dental records of potential victims and when they match the victim has been found. Another way to at least narrow down the identity of the victim is to
To do so, the anthropologist examines the overall sturdiness of the bones, as males tend to have larger bones and joint surface...
Upon earlier digs in this region between 1997 and 2000, Haille- Sellasie discovered an earlier tooth and fragments of an arm bone. These remains were first thought to be those belonging to “Ardipithecus Ramidus Kadabba, a subspecies of a younger hominid” (Science Daily). However, after the further recent teeth discoveries it has been decidedly evident that these belong to Ardipithecus Ramidus. The hominid has enough evidence to be its own species rather than a subspecies of Ardipithecus Ramidus Kadabba, as earlier thought. This could possibly mean that “The new fossils show the most primitive canines ever found among hominids” (Science Daily).
Importantly, we have discovered that female and male sexes within the same species have varied differences and varied similarities throughout our primate ancestry. This allows for hypotheses and predictions of why evolutionary changes occurred, but there is not one answer to, why we lack that degree of dimorphism, or why another primate has a high degree of dimorphism. While conclusions have been made, the biggest take from all of this is if trends in human evolution continue as they have been, eventually all that may be left is primary sex
Forensic Science, recognized as Forensics, is the solicitation of science to law to understand evidences for crime investigation. Forensic scientists are investigators that collect evidences at the crime scene and analyse it uses technology to reveal scientific evidence in a range of fields. Physical evidence are included things that can be seen, whether with the naked eye or through the use of magnification or other analytical tools. Some of this evidence is categorized as impression evidence2.In this report I’ll determine the areas of forensic science that are relevant to particular investigation and setting out in what method the forensic science procedures I have recognized that would be useful for the particular crime scene.
Forensic anthropology uses sciences, such as anatomy and physiology to relate to the explanation of an incident or accident. Forensic anthropologists study human remains to solve a crime; they are often homicides.
...and weight of the male Labrador Retrievers range from (40 to 45 kg) female Labrador Retrievers range (36 kg to 40 kg), and a long coat, science helps us to attain this goal by selective breeding program which may include 20 to 25 generations to get these domesticated specific breeds. . Science also helps us to achieve the task by continuously consulting with paleontologists to research the skeletal structure of dogs and compare the existing bone and body structure to previous breeds. In this regard, Associations have established strict rules and regulations for breeding as well as created a way to unify all breeders in a wide-ranging system in order to promote healthfulness and reward breeders who consistently produce specifically heavier, taller and with longer life span puppies for this purpose by adopting crossbred lines and standardized breeding practice
There are four sub- disciplines of anthropology, which are archeology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and lastly physical anthropology. In some way, forensic anthropology touches on each division. Whether it be cultural anthropology, where the forensic anthropologist would discover the cultural back ground of the
People have started to make remarks of the resemblance between dogs and their owners, and from what we have found, it is usually noticed at dog shows and from strangers passing by in the streets. There are two factors that could make the owner and the dog similar. One would be people selecting dogs that are like them, and people who select dogs which features start to change and become similar to them over time. As a comparison to animals and their dogs, there is evidence that couples look physically similar after 25 years rather than people who have recently been wed. In the research we have conducted, we have found that purebred dogs have a greater resemblance than people who own non purebred dogs.
Penn State. "Men And Women: The Differences Are In The Genes." Science Daily. 23 March 2005. Web.
When looking at the biological make up of male and females, there are both similar physical characteristics