Bamboo is a composite material, consisting of long and aligned cellulose fibers immersed in a matrix of lignin. Outer part of the bamboo culm comprised the highest amount of fibers, whereas the fiber volume fraction kept diminishing as we approached the inner part of the bamboo culm, as in Figure 5. This presents a Functionally Gradient Material, FGM [30] [31] [32]. According to the state of the stress distribution in its natural environment, many biological materials are FGM. In establishing the mechanical properties of bamboo in the elastic range using the rule of mix for the composite materials, the properties of its constituents, i.e. the fibers and matrix and their volumetric fractions should be taken into account. Equation 1 presents the calculation of the elasticity modulus of a composite, where Ec, Ef and Em are the elasticity modulus of the composite, fibers and matrix, respectively. Vf and Vm are the volumetric fractions of the fibers and matrix respectively. The assumed hypotheses in the development of equation 1, beside the long and aligned fibres, consider also the perfect bonding between fibres and matrix as well as the uniform spacing between fibres. However, it can be noticed in Figure 5 that the distribution as well …show more content…
They used multi-scale mechanical characterizations assisted with advanced environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) to investigate the asymmetric flexural responses of natural bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) strips under different loading configurations, during ‘‘elastic bending’’ and ‘‘fracture failure’’ stages. They find out that that the gradient distribution of the vascular bundles along the thickness direction is mainly responsible for the exhibited asymmetry, whereas the hierarchical fiber/parenchyma cellular structure plays a critical role in alternating the dominant factors for determining the distinctly different failure
Having performed several further experiments, the Darwins’ stated when seedlings are exposed to a lateral source of light; an (unknown) inducer is transmitted from the upper part to the lower part of the plant, causing a curvature-like appearance (Source 9). Continuing onto Darwins’ discovery, Peter Boysen-Jensen and Arpad Paal determined the substance that caused the bending was due to a chemical present in the plant (Source 7). One year later, scientist F.W. Went concluded the initial discovery, calling the substance responsible for the bending in the plant, Auxin (IAA) (Source 9). Biologists have since recognized the extent of Auxin’s role in plant growth, as well as its location within the plant
The lignin in plants is less hydrophilic compare to cellulose a hemicellulose, it present the absorption of water.
Multiple perspective of any kind requires a unique way of telling a story. Especially from individuals and different viewpoints on the same event. This story gives the audience seven narrators that tell each their side of the matter in the same event and all seem to contradict themselves. This is an interesting plot device from which inconsistent testimonies of the same experience can be shown and looked at. Which narrator is true, which narrator is telling a lie; it is curious to read the differences and some of the same “facts” reported by these witnesses? How can their stories are based on truth and where are the lies. Again, there is a wider range to these individual stories share. Namely who did it,
Vascular bundles are arranged differently in the different parts of a plant. The vascular bundles are found near the outer edge in the stem. The xylem is found towar...
Background: This investigation involves with dependents of plants around the world growing constantly. Recently, plants have been growing at a slow ate without any sunlight. According to scientists, plants are now growing without light and effects the development stages. The longer the measurement of the seeds to bloom, the longer the estimating growth rates between 2 weeks to 2 months to evolve.
How the polymer chains are put together is important, as it improves the properties of the material. The flexibility, strength and stiffness of Kevlar fiber, is dependent on the orientation of the polymer chains. Kevlar fiber is an arrangement of molecules, oriented parallel to each other. This orderly, untangled arrangement of molecules is described as a “Crystalline Structure”. A manufacturing process known as ‘Spinning’ is needed to achieve this crystallinity structure.
Levitt, Jacob. Responses of plants to environmental stresses. 2d ed. New York: Academic Press, 1980. Print.
The plants that we know today as terrestrial organisms were not always on land. The land plants of today can be linked back to aquatic organisms that existed millions of years ago. In fact, early fossil evidence shows that the earliest land plants could have arisen some 450 million years ago (Weng & Chappie 2010). Plants that used to reside strictly in water were able to adapt in ways that allowed them to move onto land. It is speculated the need for plants to move onto land was created by water drying up, causing plants to have less room and pushing them to move onto land. Although the exact cause of plant’s need to move to a terrestrial environment is unclear, it is known that plants had to undergo several adaptations to be able to live on land. These adaptations include: lignin, cellulose, suberin, and changes to plant’s surface, including the formation of a waxy cuticle.
We constantly as the dominant predator believe that we are supreme. A being that reigns over everything prior and can dominate the predecessor. Without prior knowledge we lack the components to configure our reality and proceed as a better version. Every being on this planet must understand the failures in which got us to the point that one currently inhabits. Ignorance to this knowledge creates lack of information on how to proceed effectively throughout life. Sharing information with others is key in order to understand what came before us and how we can take bits and pieces from our predecessors in order to shape a better life for ourselves. “But history does matter. It has been said that he who controls the past controls
Examine a leaf cross section. Sketch and label its parts. Take note of the position of xylem and phloem and the other parts of the plant leaf.
Kujac, Piper. "ASK INHABITAT: Is Imported Bamboo Really Sustainable? | Inhabitat - Sustainable Design Innovation, Eco Architecture, Green Building." Inhabitat Sustainable Design Innovation Eco Architecture Green Building ASK INHABITAT Is Imported Bamboo Really Sustainable Comments. Inhabitat, 17 Feb. 2007. Web. 9 Nov. 2013. .
The development of composite material in the aerospace industry started when Douglas Aircraft Company bought the first roll of fiberglass shipped to the west coast because they believed that the fiberglass would help them solve a production problem. During the production process, the plastic molds were aimed to be reinforced with fiberglass such that it would become strong enough to allow at least a few parts to be made so that the new designs could be quickly verified. Indeed the fiberglass reinforcement did in fact prove to be stronger and it was a successful process. Moreover, new composites were made from fiberglass material and phenolic resin which the only resin available at the time. This was indeed a successful period for composite materials and more interest were attracted by many applications.
present at all times but it must retain some of them. All plant life on Earth benefits from the ability of water to make a hydrogen bond with another substance of similar electronegative charge. Cellulose, the substance that makes up cell walls and paper products, is a hydrophilic substance ("water-loving"). It interacts with water but, unlike other hydrophilic substances, it will not dissolve in it. Cellulose can form strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules. This explains why a paper towel will "wick" water upwards when it comes in contact with it.
The secondary walls of sclerenchyma cells are thick and contain abundant lignin. This relatively indigestible strengthening polymer accounts for more than a quarter of the dry mass of wood. Lignin is present in all vascular plants, but not in bryophytes. Sclerenchyma cells stop growing in length when mature and cannot elongate any further. They are so specialized for support that many are dead at functional maturity, but they produce secondary walls before the protoplast (the living part of the cell) dies. In some cases, the rigid walls remain as a ‘skeleton’ that support the plant for hundreds of
Bamboo is a building material that is mostly used in rural communities for houses, but even Architects and Engineers are beginning to use Bamboo for it strength as a structural component and a styling agent by means of bamboo window blinds and many more. Bamboo is also commonly used as a type of construction for schools, farms and bridges. Bamboo is also used as scaffolding, shutters, a reinforcing agent for concrete and water piping, the demand for bamboo has recently increased as a new development of variety of bamboo based panels (Dunkelberg, 1992) has been constructed and incorporated into many buildings. Small buildings both non-structural and structural in nature both can be made entirely out of bamboo with the obvious exception of chimneys and fireplaces due to bamboo being a fuelling agent for fires, but it is not used alone it...